Chapter 1 Flashcards
You need macronutrients (3) vs. Micronutrients (5), and _______
TABLE
Macronutrients = energy-yielding (carb, protein, fats/lipids)
- protein special and has N, put the “amine”
- special case = alcohol (yields energy but not a nutrient because no physiological processes can live without it)
Micronutrients = vitamin and minerals
- provides no energy
- some essential
- vitamins split into 2 categories:
- fat soluable = ADEK
- water soluable = BC - minerals split into 2 categories (major & trace)
- not considered an organic compound
Need large amounts of water
What are nutrients? What do best foods do?
What effects do chosen foods have?
What is malnutrition (3)
- substances required by the body to perform basic functions (provide energy, suport body structure, regulate chemical processes)
- chosen foods have a cumulative effect, good and bad
- best foods support your body’s growth and maintenance
- malnutrition = deficiency, imbalance, excess (results in glutiny)
What are essential nutrients?
How is energy measured?
How many calories per gram?
- body cannot make, must be consumed
- energy content measured in calories (the energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water thu 1C, equal to one thousand small calories)
carb = 4 fat = 9 protein = 4 alcohol = 7
What is food quality and how to we measure it?
What are empty calories?
Pick ___ over supplements.
- high-quality foods have a high nutritional value per caloric value
- empty calorie foods lots of calories but no nutrient
- nutrient density compares the amount of nutrients to the amount of calories
- pick food over supplements
What is health?
What are influential factors? (8)
What are non-modifiable factors? (3)
Chronic diseases are linked to ___.
Genetics and disease affect each other to ___. 3 types. What are some examples?
Health = state of social, physical, mental well-being
Influential factors can change
-tabacco/acohol, nutritional choices, physical activity, substance use, sleep, emotional stress, environmental factors
Nonmodifiable factors cannot change (gene, race, gender, etc)
Chronic diseases are linked to poor diet. Genetics & Nutrition affect diseases to varying degrees
- nutrition-related: iron-deficiency anemia (anything due to toxicity/deficiency)
- genetic: sickle cell anemia, down syndrome
- mixed: diabetes, hypertension
Why people choose foods (12) What is cultural competence?
- Cultural and social meanings of food
- traditional cuisines and foodways
- cultural competence: competent in culture, being aware of other cultures - Taste
- Price
- Convenience
- advertisement
- availability
- emotional comfort
- positive/negative associations
- values/weight
- nutritional and health benefits
5 characteristics of a nutritious/healthy diet
- adequacy: consuming diet containing all essential nutrients to maintain health and well-being
- Balance: consuming foods in proportion to each other in same and different food groups
- calorie control: cal in = cal out
- moderation: controlling intake
- variety: wide selection of foods
What is the Healthy People? What categories does it include? (7)
Lists objectives to be healthy
-chronic diseases, food safety, maternal, infant/child health, food security, nutrient consumption, physical activity
What is Nutritional Science? What kind of approach does it have? It works behind the principle that ____.
Field of knowledge composed of organized facts
Evidence-based approach (systemic process to answer questions)
-observation, hypothesis, experimental test, results interpretation
Nutrition affects disease
4 types of studies
- Case studies: look at one individual
- possible starting point of new research - epidemiological studies: looks at large populations
- looks for correlations - Intervention study: insert change
- Laboratory study: pinpoint mechanisms, the “how”
4 Assessment Methods
- Anthropometry: measurement of the human. ex. measuring wrist size
- Biochemical methods: ex. measuring blood glucose levels
- Clinical methods: ex. change in skin color due to malnutrition (more of what doctors do, the see, touch, hear)
- Dietary methods:
- 24H recall
- food-frequency questionnaire
- food diary
- observed food consumption
What is NHANES? What does it ask about? Where?
- national health & nutrition examination surveys
- asking people what they eat, record health status
- gather info across states
5 ways to assess the role of the media in nutrition, (6)
- watch for sensationalism (blowing things up, biased)
- watch for trends
- read news with an educated eye (study published in peer-reviewed journal? description of research?)
- question info sources (infomercials, advertorials, urban legends)
- judge website credibility (does the site charge a fee to gain access? Is the site selling a product? is the site updated? Are there links to other reliable info sites? who is responsible for the site? Do the name and credentials show?)
Credible Sources
- academy of nutrition & dietetics
- American journal of clinical nutrition
- us department of agriculture
- us food & drug administration
