Chapter 18 Nutritional Issues Flashcards
What is diet? What are fad diets?
- food take in on daily basis
- fad diet = they come and go
The DASH diet aims to reduce ___ (mineral). It involves consuming ___ (3). It aims to reduce ____ to ___% a day (1). This lowers the risk for ____ (3 diseases). Is there risk for hyponatremia? In conclusion, ___.
-Lower sodium
-Consume a variety of whole grains
and high-fiber fruits and vegetables, heart-healthy fish and lean meats
-Limit the use of saturated fats (< 7 percent of total calories)
-lowers cancer, heart disease, diabetes
-risk for hyponatremia only if you extremely lower Na diet which is hard to do → like no cons
What is gluten free diet? Where is gluten found? (3) What is the pro? (2) What are the cons? (2)
- avoid protein gluten
- found in wheat, barley, and rye (so most bread products)
- pros: reduces symptoms of gluten diet (diarrhea, constipation, celiac disease that produces antibodies to attack gluten)
- cons: minerals & vitamins (iron, riboflavin, folic acid) not taken in so risk of nutrient deficiency
- also gluten free products more expensive (economical impact)
What is the low carb diet? What are 2 examples? What is a pro? What are the cons? (4)
- limit carbs & eat veg/dairy/etc as want
- Examples are Atkins and South Beach
- pro: limit sugar
- con: limit whole grain product, not very evidenced based diet, high protein/fat consumption, less glucose to brain (not at full capacity)
What is the macrobiotic diet? What are yin foods? (3) What are yang foods? (3) What are the pros? (3) What is a con?
- Balance of yin (90%) and yang (10%) foods
- Yin foods are thought to be sweet, cold, and passive (bland)
- Yang foods are considered to be salty, hot, and aggressive (flavorful)
- pros: yin food high in fiber, low in fat, limit processed food
- cons: omit lots of food items so nutrient deficiency
What is the Mediterranean diet? (4) What are the pros? (5) What are the cons? (2)
Focus on plant-derived foods Eat fish and poultry often Limit red meat Red wine in moderation (well-balanced diet + wine).
- pro: decrease heart disease, cancer, limit processed foods, lower Na intake, poly/monounsat fat from fish & olive oils
- con: no serving amount recommended (some items high calories) & wine not good for people with GI issues
What do you consume in a raw food diet? (5) What is convinient about them? What is a pro? (1) What are the cons? (2)
- Consume whole grains, nuts and seeds, unprocessed fruits and vegetables
- Very little prep needed
-pros: focus on nutritiously rich food
- con: not evidence based, and restrictive
(ex. no pasteurized/processed foods (more food borne illnesses))
What are vegetarian and vegan diets? What are the pros? (3) What are the cons? (3)
- vegan = no animal related like eggs, dairy (strict vegetarian)
- vegetarian can consume eggs, milk
-pros: decrease risk type 2 diabetes, heart disease, cancer
(but is the decrease in disease risk due to vegetarianism or because they are more health conscious?)
-cons: nutrient deficiencies (supplements required), fibers interfere with nutrient absorption, protein (essential aa) deficiency
What is Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)? What happens? What does it cause? When acid goes down and reaches the sphincter, what is induced? How can you prevent this disease? (5)
- reflux disease
- sphincter band of smooth muscle that presents acid from going to esophagus. but these ppls dont close entirely → cause esophogeal ulcers (tears)
- when acid goes down and reaches the sphincter, induces vomitting
- avoid getting it by avoiding acidic substance (soda, alcohol, chocolate, tomatoes) & alcohol & caffeine
What is irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)? What is the cause? What is it associated with? In which gender is it more prevalent in?
- Muscle spasms in the colon that result in abdominal pain, bloating, constipation, and/or diarrhea.
- dont know cause, just associated w/malnutrition (those w/eating disorders)
- more women because more eating disorders
What is Diverticulitis? What does it trap and increase risk for? (2) How can it be prevented? (2)
True or false
Diverticulitis when diverticulosis become inflamed. It is really painful
- swelling inside LI
- traps feces & bacteria & put body as risk for infections/inflammation
- prevent by taking fiber, probiotics (promote formation of healthy bac that destroys the harmful bac)
What is Diabetes Mellitus also called?
sweet urine
What is gestational diabetes? What are they likely to develop in the future?
- dev during pregnancy, ends couple weeks after labor
- women have it likely to develop type 2 diabetes
What is type 1 diabetes? What do people with type 1 diabetes need? What is the cause?
- autoimmune disease where pancreas inflamed and beta cells get destroyed
- need insulin injections
- dont know cause
Type 2 diabetes. What are the 3 mechanisms? What is it strongly correlated with? What is a significant risk factor? Why?
- insulin resistance = produce insulin but cells dont recognize insulin
- insulin insensitivity = insulin binds to receptor but no response
- pancrease overwhelmed and does not produce insulin
- strong correlation to lifestyle
- overweight/obese increases risk (constant state of inflammation)
What are the 2 different kinds of diseases? What is the difference?
Infectious vs. chronic
Infectious is more acute, rapid on-set
Chronic can take years to develop
What is health?
state of mental, physiological, and social well-being
What are the top 2 diseases in the US?
heart disease & cancer
What is a risk factor? What is it not?
factor that puts you at risk/increase for a disease (do not cause but strong correlation)
Wha are the 7 risk factors to chronic disease?
- Genetics
- Family history of certain disease(s)
- Age (Risk increases with age)
- Activity level (Screen time/Sedentary jobs)
- Dietary behavior (Saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol, added sugar, sodium)
- Environmental factors (pollution, smoke)
- OBESITY
True or false
it is important to do annual checkups to estimate ur health (and risk)
true
Visceral vs. subcutaneous fat (which is worse?) Why? (2)
- visceral (around the organs = central obesity) worse
- impedes action of the organs
- constant state of inflammation (no time to relax)
true or false
Central obesity increases risk of death from all causes
true
true or false
Extreme obesity equals the risk of death from smoking
true
Most men have ___ shape fat distribution and femals have ___ shape. Which shape do we want?
- most men have android, females have gynoid shape
- want gynoid shape (away from organs
When do you have metabolic syndrome? What are symptoms? (4)
- waist greater than 35/40 = have metabolic syndrome
- elevated bp, elevated blood glucose, increase triglyceride, blood LDL cholesterol
What is cadiovascular disease? This includes these 2 specific diseases.
- Disease of heart and blood vessels
- This includes Atherosclerosis and Hypertension
true or false
Heart is one of the least regenerative organs.
true
Cardiovascular diseases have a strong link to ___ & ___ behavior.
Strong link to dietary behavior (high intake of saturated and trans fat and high cholesterol levels) and sedentary behavior
When cardiac muscl damaged, not heart tissue but ___ tissue replaces, causing the organ to be inefficient.
connective tissue (scar tissue)
What can happen to hearts?
- overworking can make the heart flabby or tough
- hardening of arteries take place at branch points (fat/clots like to accumulate here)
What are nonmodifiable (3) and modifiable risk factors (1) to developing cardiovascular disease?
- nonmodifieable: age, sex (males more at risk until females go thru menopause then femles more at risk), genetics
- modifiable: type 2 diabetes
What is ATHEROSCLEROSIS? What determines how much takes place? (2) What increases ATHEROSCLEROSIS risk (2)
- Hardening of the arteries
- hi trans fat/LDL, sedentary
- high blood triglycerides, low HDL
True or false
Everyone has signs of atherosclerosis
true
Start developing atherosclerosis in late teenage years, but how it progresses is up to you!
What is the mechanism of ATHEROSCLEROSIS? (4 steps)
- HDL takes fat to tissue for use as energy. whats bad is lots of LDL or trans fat attaches to HDL so cannot be delivered to tissues
- oxidized LDL free radical & burries itself in blood vessel
- body sends macrophages to destroy it but turns into a foam cell (useless macrophage cell) which turns into a clot
- Ca, Mg, P moving in blood held up by foam cells & deposit there (mineralization)
ATHEROSCLEROSIS
What is
- stationary clot
- clot that travels and can become stuck
Thrombus (thrombosis) – stationary clot
Embolus (embolism)
What can thrombosis (ATHEROSCLEROSIS) cause? (2)
- can decrease blood to/from heart can lead to heart attack
- can cause strokes
What is shown to reduced blood clot development?
Omega-3 fatty acids
increase pressure behind a clot makes it pop, causes internal bleeding
aneurysm
What is hypertension? What is systolic and diastolic pressure? What is the goal numbers for each?
- high bp
- systolic pressure = Pressure created as heart (ventricles) contract (goal 120mmHg)
- diastolic pressure = Pressure created as heart (ventricles) Relax (80 mmHg)
True or flase
bp needs to be collected multiple times over time
true
Wha is cardiac output? What increases blood pressure/hypertension risk? (5) What is the biggest factor contributing to high bp?
-Heart rate x stroke volume = amt of blood ejected by heart per min
- the more blood ejected from heart, more blood in blood vessels
- the longer the blood vessel, more time it has to get in contact with something and get stuck
- taller individual (increased resistance)
- viscosity thicker the harder to move
- constriction (increase resistance/pressure) BIGGEST FACTOR
Which 2 organ systems control hypertension (bp)?
nerv and endocrine system controls homeostasis
This race have more risk of developing hypertension than this race
african americans more at risk than caucasian americans
What is the 2nd leading cause of death in the US?
cancer
Cancer is a disease of ___ (cell proliferation/replication/division). Mutated cells do not undergo ___. Mutation occurs at the ___ level. Mutation is caused by ___. They replicate uncontrollably and take over ___ and create ___.
mitotic phase apoptosis (uncontrolled replication) genetic (DNA) free radicals (carcinogen) mass of abnormal tissue
What are the risk factors of cancer? (6) What types of cancers? What decreases the risk? (3)
Increase
- obesity (all cancers)
- alcohol (in mouth, throat, esophagus, colon, liver, breast cancers)
- trans/sat fat
- charred red meat
- preservatives like nitrate in meat
- age risk factor because chronic disease (but children can have it)
decrease
- PA
- fiber rich food (colorectal cancer)
- antioxidant vitamins & minerals
What are the 3 different types of eating disorders?
anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder
What is anorexia nervosa? What does it do to the body? Does it cause death?
- self-starvation
- nutrient deficiency so body slows down all chemical reactions, shuts down organs if left untreated
- yes
True or false
bulimia nervosa is More prevalent than anorexia nervosa
true
What is bulimia nervosa?
Binge eating and purging (self-induced vomiting/diarrhea due to guilt)
What is binge eating disorder? What emotion is associated with it?
Binge eat, but do not purge
Extreme guilt → may cause self-infliction
What is a cause for eating disorders? (2)
- Societal pressure for thinness (or bulkiness in men)
- Unrealistic media ideals (often backed by huge media production companies & money)
What is the female triad? What population does it usually affect? (2)
- eating disorder causes amenorrhea (lack of hormones/no period) and osteoporosis
- often in gymnasts and dancers
How can eating disorders be prevented? (4)
increase PA, positive eating behavior, have positive body image, talk thru
What is CAM? What is the principle behind it? What kinds of activities does it include? What is the problem with CAM? Why? What does aloe help with? Cinnamon? Ginger?
- Complementary and alternative medicine
- PA, dietary behavior, lifestyle change should be done over pharmaceutical drugs
- herbal medicine & accupuncture
- Lack of knowledge → due to lack of funding bc most research comes from pharmaceutical companies
- aloe helps with burns
- cinnamon increase activity of insulin
- ginger GI tract issues
What is nutritional genomics?
how nutrition affect our DNA
What is nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics?
Nutrigenomics
- food affects genes (gene expression an dmutation)
ex. vitamin A causes replication of DNA
Nutrigenetics
- genes influence nutrients (nutrient absorption, use, tolerance)
ex. lactose intolerant people cant break down lactose
