Chapter 10 & 11 Minerals Flashcards
True or False. Mineral is an element
true
Where are minerals found? (2)
plant & animal products
How many mg of major minerals should we be consuming? When is it a trace mineral?
> 100mg = major
< 100mg = trace
What is the difference between coenzyme and cofactor? (2)
coenzyme = organic, vitamins cofactor = inorganic, minerals
What is the most abundant mineral in the body?
calcium
What is the function of calcium? (2)
- bone formation (hydroxyapatites)
- teeth formation (dentin & enamel)
What kind of cell makes and breaks bones? What do osteoblasts make? When do osteoid tissues harden?
- OB makes bones: produces osteoid tissue (soft collagen tissue)
- bones harden once mineral incorporated into osteoid tissue
-OC break bones
What minerals create the bonds to harden bone? (3)
calcium, phosphate magnesium
What is dentin and enamel? What is the hardest substance in the body? Because of which mineral?
- dentin bone of teeth
- enamel layer on top that is the hardest substance in body
- fluoride increases the bond
What is trabecular vs cortical bone? What do trabecular bones have? What does it do? Where is compact bone seen?
- trabecular = spongy bone w/inner openings for blood vessels; gives flexibility
- cortical = compact bone; hard bone seen on outside
What causes loss of bones? Due to? When does bone mass peak? What cell activity decrease & increase? What is the process called?
- inevitable consequence of aging due to changes in hormonal levels
- bone mass peaks in adolescence and into the 20th
- OB activity slows down, OC activity increases
- breaking down bones = resorption
A deficiency in calcium causes _____ in kids and _____ & _____ in adults.
- rickets in children
- osteomalacia, osteoporosis in adults
What causes rickets?
poor Mg, P, Ca deposit
Osteoporosis occurs when bone _____ > bone _____. What do they often cause?
- bone resorption > bone deposit
- fractures
This population is more prone to osteoporosis. Why? Where do they occur? (3) Men are also/not as prone to osteoporosis? Due to? What helps?
- post menapause women
- decrease in estrogen levels (growth factor_
- vertebral column, wrist joint, hip joint
- men also prone to because of decrease in testosterone but not as drastic as females
- supplements
Body fluids contain _____% of body’s calcium. Therefore it is _____ regulated.
1%
tigtly regulated
What tightly regulates blood Ca levels? (2) When blood Ca goes down, _____ is released. It then affects which 3 organs? How?
- vitamin D and parathyroid hormone
- PTH released when Ca levels down to increase blood Ca levels
- kidney, small intestine, bone
- PTH goes to the kidneys to activate vitamin D so it goes to the SI to increase Ca absorption
- PTH also goes to the kidneys to promote Ca resorption from urine
- PTH goes to the bone to stimulate OC activity to breakdown bones.
How is Ca eliminated?
through urine
The skeletons serve as a bank for this mineral and affect bone density.
Ca
Besides bone maintenance, what other 2 functions do Ca have?
- proper function of nerves
- contraction of muscle
What are sources of Ca? (3)
-dairy, fish, vegetables
What are Ca binders? What food source are they found?
- proteins that bind to Ca and decrease absorption in GI tract
- vegetables
What is the recommended intake of Ca?
1000mg
Besides post menapausal women and men, _____ are also at risk for Ca deficiency because _____.
lactose-intolerant people because not consuming dairy
What does Ca toxicity cause?
kidney stones (fragments of bone in kidney)
What are the 3 hydroxyapatites of bones?
Mg, Ca, and P
To maintain bone health, we want to slow down _____.
bone resportion
Proteins increase/decrease Ca absorption
some increase, some decrease (results mixed)
If there is too many _____, body gets rid of Ca.
Na because it is also positively charged. Too many positives.
What is the relationship between bone and soft drinks?
-soft drinks high in CO2 promote formation of H ions to make acidic enviornment»_space; leads to bone resorption
What is a DEXA scan?
xray that shows bone mass
What is estrogen replacement therapy? What is its advantage and disadvantage? Thus, women are less prone to developing _____.
- add estrogen back to womens body
- benefit = decrease risk of osteoporosis
- disadvantage = growth of cancer (since it is growth factor)
- less prone to develop cancer (since lack of estrogen which is a growth factor)
Nonmodiffiable (6) vs Modifiable factors (6) to maintain bone health
- diet = more foods w/Ca, Mg, P
- smoking = more bone resporption due to free radicals
- antivonculsants & glucocorticoids slow fown bone deposit
What is the second most abundant mineral in the body?
phosphorus
Which 2 parts of the body is the majority of phosphorus found?
bones & teeth
What is the function of phosphorus besides bone formation? Thus, it is the major _____ anion, making the inside of the cell _____.
- acid base balance
- intracellular anion, making inside of the cell negative
true or false
phosphorus deficiency is unlikely
true
What does a phosphorus toxicity do?
calcification of tissues, such as in kidneys to form kidney stones
Half of the body’s magnisum is stored where?
in bones
What does a magnesium deficiency cause? It impairs _____ in children
- rickets, osteomalacia
- impair growth in children
Besides formation of bone, what is another function of magnesium? What do we need it for? (4)
- stabilize structure of ATP (enzyme)
- muscle, nerve, immune function
Mg toxicity is usually due to _____.
-over-supplementation
What are sources of Mg?
dark green veg, whole grain, nuts
What is the body’s major extracellular cation?
Na
What is the function of sodium? (3)
- fluid balance/osmolarity (regulate bv & bp)
- electrolyte balance
- nutrient absorption (active trasport)
What follows Na? (2)
water & Cl
Describe the RAAM process (6)
- renin released from kidney which converts angiotensin released from liver to angiotensin 1
- Ace turn angiotensin 1 to 2
- angiotensin 2 goes to adrenal gland to stimulate aldosterone release
- aldosterne goes to kidney to make Na/K pumps
- take Na out of urine back into the blood. water follows Na, bv/bp goes up
- K secreted to urine
What regulates blood Na concentration?
aldosterone
What is a deficiency in Na called? What is it caused by? What also does a Na deficiency cause? Na deficiency is caused by _____ & _____.
- hyponatremia caused by excessive water consumption (too much solvent dilutes solute (Na)
- muscle cramps
- exercise/excessive sweating also causes deficiency
- fluid loss (vomitting/diarrhea)
Na increases _____.
water weight
Na is high in _____. (3)
processed foods, packaged meat, soup
What is the recommened intake of Na? What about for people with high bp or family history of bp?
2300mg
1500mg
High Na is correlated with these 3 things which is due to _____.
high bp = renal/heart diease = risk of heart attack/stroke increase
What does DASH stand for? it is limiting _____ and eating more _____.
- dietary approach to stop hypertension
- limiting Na intake (processed food) eating more whole products
K is the major intra/extracellular ion.
intracellular
What are the 2 functions of K?
- fluid & electrolyte balance (Na/K pump –> bp/bv regulation)
- heart beat
Movement of what causes the muscle to relax?
K
A deficiency in this mineral causes cramps.
potassium so eat banana
What are the 3 sources of K?
fruits, veg, milk/dairy products
How is K regulated? How is it secreted from body?
-K level regulation with aldosterone (K out w/urine)
What is the major source of chloride?
NaCl (salt)
Cl is the major intra/extracellular anion.
extracellular
Nacl has a _____ bond
ionic
What are the 2 functions of chloride?
- fluid/electrolyte balance (follows Na)
- HCl needed for breakdown protein in stomach
What is cystic fibrosis? What is the mechanism? Why do they need to be careful of bacteria?
- mutation in protein that transports Cl out of lung
- Cl cannnot be transported out of lung, so stays in alveolar tissue. lots of mucous build up because water follows Na. Thus, cannot breath in/out completely.
- bacteria clings to mucous, so CF ppl are more susceptible to infections
What is the function of sulfur? (2)
forms the disulfide bonds (extremely hard) cystine and methionine proteins
What determins the soft/hardness of keratin?
number of disulfide bonds
What are the major minerals? (7) What are the trace minerals? (9)
major = Na, K, Cl, Ca, P, Mg, S trace = Fe, Cu, Zn, Se, I, Cr, F, Mn, Mo
What mineral is found in every cell?
iron
What 2 major proteins are iron a part of? What are the functions of these 2 proteins?
hemoglobin (transport gas) & myoglobin (storage O2 in muscle)
What is the structure of hemoglobin? What binds to the iron?
- 4 polypeptide anchored by iron
- CO2 & O2
Where is iron stored? (2)
in the liver, bone marrow
Where is iron broken down? Why?
-broken down in spleen so iron can be recycled to go back to bone marrow to make more RBC or myoglobin
What is the function of iron? (5)
- transport O2
- make new cells, aa, hormones, neurotransmitters
Why do proteins bind to iron? What does it do? What are the 2 proteins?
- toxic if free floating/promots free radicals
- neutralize iron
- ferritin & transferrin
What regulates blood iron levels? Which organ is it from? Where does it regulate in? What is the mechanism?
- hepcidin from liver regulates absorption in SI
- when Fe levels high, block iron absorption to be eliminated in the feces
- when Fe levels low, hepcidin not released to be absorbed
What are the 2 forms of iron? Where are they found? which is more readily absorbed? Why?
- heme & nonheme
- heme (hemoglobin) found in blood so meat products
- nonheme found in plants
- MFP factor found in protein in meat, fish, poultry that binds to Fe and helps absorption
- fe absorption inhibitor phosphate & tannis found in tea/coffee, soy, fiber
What population is at risk for iron deficiency? Why?
vegetarians because consume lots of soy with fe absorption inhibitor tannis & phosphate
What disease does an iron deficiency cause? What is it? What does it result in?
- iron deficiency anemia
- low RBC counts/low O2 carrying capacity
- not enough Fe to make RBC > not enough O2 > not enough ATP
What are the 3 symptoms of an iron defiency anemia?
mental symptoms (diziness, confusion), paleness, fatigue
What is it called when RBC are smaller? What skin color does it result in? What is it called?
microcytosis
pale skin = hypochromia
What population is prone to iron deficiency? (6) Why? Who is the MOST prone?
- preschool children that do not like to eat meat products
- infants (breast milk does not have much)
- women (heavy menstrual flow)
- pregnant women (period of growth requires more fe)
- athletes (bruising destruction of RBC and increased demand for fe)
- highest in vegetarians
What are the sources of iodine? (3)
salt, seaweed, dairy
Iodine’s work is done by its ionic form called _____.
Iodide
What are the 2 roles of iodine?
make thyroid hormone thyroxine (T4 &T3) to regulate metabolism & growth of cells
What 2 types of thyroid hormones do iodide make? What is their difference? Thyroid produces more of which one? What is the active form? What enzyme converts T4 to T3?
- T4 & T3
- difference in number of iodide bound (4 and 3)
- produces more T4
- active form is T3
- deidodinase takes iodide off ot T4 and make T3
What does an iodine deficiency cause? What happens? When iodine levels low, _____ released which goes down to the _____ to use it to make _____.
- goiter
- cannot make thyoid hormone/thyroxine. brain (anterior pituitary gland) senses needs thyroid hormone/thyroxine but cannot. the signal keeps going and protein accumulates
- when low in iodine, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) released, which goes down to the thyroid gland to make thyroxine
What does an iodine deficiency cause in pregnant women? What results in child?
- cretinism
- not enough idodie in pregnancy
- mental retardation/abnormalities in child, physical disability (because thyroid hormone important in growth)
What does an iodine toxicity cause? Why? What physical characteristic does it result in?
- goiter
- iodide accumulates in thyroid gland
- increases metabolism/tissue growth behind the eyes to cause bulging eyes
This mineral works with proteins in every organ.
zinc
What are the functions of zinc?
Activates enzymes, synthesis of digestive proteins, immune function (antioxidant), reproduction
What is the major antioxidant mineral?
Se
Which mineral activate superoxide dismutase that gets rid of free radicals?
zinc
What is the toxicity of Zn? What is their relationship?
- impairs absorption of Fe and Cu
- vice versa
- lowed HDL –> increase risk heart diseases
What is the best source of zinc?
-meat
What population is most prone to zinc deficiency?
vegetarians
What does a zinc defiency cause?
loss of appetite, weight loss, diarrhea
What are the 3 minerals involved in formation of hemaglobin? What are their roles?
- Zn, Fe, Cu
- Fe assembly of hemaglobin
- Zn and Cu cofactors in enzymes that produce hemaglobin
Which vitamin does selenium work with?
vitamin E (both antioxidants)
What are the 2 functions of selenium?
-antioxidant & formation of thyroid hormones
What 2 minerals make thyroid hormones? What are their roles?
iodine = component of thyroid hormone selenium = cofactor to make that hormone
What mineral reduces the risk of cancer because it is an antioxidant?
Se
What does a selenium deficiency cause?
- inflammation
- muscle pain & weakness
A deficiency in this mineral causes keshan’s disease. What is its mechanism? How does it affect the body?
- selenium
- type of cardiomyopathy
- heart muscle doesnt function properly so increases in size
- impede other organs, waste muscles, decrease heart stroke
How does a toxicity in selenium occur? What does it cause? It is consuming more than _____ug a day.
- over supplementation
- nerve abnormalities and bone issues
- 400ug
What are the sources of selenium? (2)
meat & shellfish
True or false
Fluoride is essential to life.
false (not essential)
What are the functions of fluride? (4)
- Fluorapatite
- Blocking acid formation by bacteria
- Preventing demineralization of teeth
- Enhancing remineralization of destroyed enamel
What 4 minerals come together to form fluroapetities?
Ca, P, Mg, Fl
What does a fluroide toxiciy cause? What is it?
flurosis = staining teeth
What does a fluride deficiency cause?
dental decay/tooth rot (tooth destroyed)
What is the best source of fluoride?
fluoridated water
What is the function of chromium?
carbohydrate & lipid metabolism (promotes insulin and glucose uptake into cells)
What is the best source for chromium?
unrefined foods
What is the function of copper?
Helps form hemoglobin (helps the enzyme needed for hemoglobin formation)
True or False
Copper deficiency is rare.
true
What is the function of manganese? (1)
-role in gluconeogenesis (formation of glucose from non-carbs) breakdown of proteins/aa to give glucose for energy
What is manganese toxicity?
nerve damage
What is manganese deficiency cause? (4)
decrease growth, abnormal glucose metabolism, decreased energy production, skeletal abnormalities
What is the function of molygdenum? (2)
- cofactor in different enzymatic reactions
- bone formation, ligaments/tendons
What does a molybdenum toxicity result in?
arthritis
true or false
there is no recommended intake for sulfur
true
true or false
sulfur deficiencies are unknown
true
