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Nutrition > Chapter 10 & 11 Minerals > Flashcards

Chapter 10 & 11 Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

True or False. Mineral is an element

A

true

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2
Q

Where are minerals found? (2)

A

plant & animal products

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3
Q

How many mg of major minerals should we be consuming? When is it a trace mineral?

A

> 100mg = major

< 100mg = trace

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4
Q

What is the difference between coenzyme and cofactor? (2)

A 
coenzyme = organic, vitamins
cofactor = inorganic, minerals
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5
Q

What is the most abundant mineral in the body?

A

calcium

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6
Q

What is the function of calcium? (2)

A
  • bone formation (hydroxyapatites)

- teeth formation (dentin & enamel)

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7
Q

What kind of cell makes and breaks bones? What do osteoblasts make? When do osteoid tissues harden?

A
  • OB makes bones: produces osteoid tissue (soft collagen tissue)
  • bones harden once mineral incorporated into osteoid tissue

-OC break bones

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8
Q

What minerals create the bonds to harden bone? (3)

A

calcium, phosphate magnesium

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9
Q

What is dentin and enamel? What is the hardest substance in the body? Because of which mineral?

A
  • dentin bone of teeth
  • enamel layer on top that is the hardest substance in body
  • fluoride increases the bond
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10
Q

What is trabecular vs cortical bone? What do trabecular bones have? What does it do? Where is compact bone seen?

A
  • trabecular = spongy bone w/inner openings for blood vessels; gives flexibility
  • cortical = compact bone; hard bone seen on outside
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11
Q

What causes loss of bones? Due to? When does bone mass peak? What cell activity decrease & increase? What is the process called?

A
  • inevitable consequence of aging due to changes in hormonal levels
  • bone mass peaks in adolescence and into the 20th
  • OB activity slows down, OC activity increases
  • breaking down bones = resorption
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12
Q

A deficiency in calcium causes _____ in kids and _____ & _____ in adults.

A
  • rickets in children

- osteomalacia, osteoporosis in adults

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13
Q

What causes rickets?

A

poor Mg, P, Ca deposit

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14
Q

Osteoporosis occurs when bone _____ > bone _____. What do they often cause?

A
  • bone resorption > bone deposit

- fractures

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15
Q

This population is more prone to osteoporosis. Why? Where do they occur? (3) Men are also/not as prone to osteoporosis? Due to? What helps?

A
  • post menapause women
  • decrease in estrogen levels (growth factor_
  • vertebral column, wrist joint, hip joint
  • men also prone to because of decrease in testosterone but not as drastic as females
  • supplements
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16
Q

Body fluids contain _____% of body’s calcium. Therefore it is _____ regulated.

A

1%

tigtly regulated

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17
Q

What tightly regulates blood Ca levels? (2) When blood Ca goes down, _____ is released. It then affects which 3 organs? How?

A
  • vitamin D and parathyroid hormone
  • PTH released when Ca levels down to increase blood Ca levels
  • kidney, small intestine, bone
  • PTH goes to the kidneys to activate vitamin D so it goes to the SI to increase Ca absorption
  • PTH also goes to the kidneys to promote Ca resorption from urine
  • PTH goes to the bone to stimulate OC activity to breakdown bones.
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18
Q

How is Ca eliminated?

A

through urine

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19
Q

The skeletons serve as a bank for this mineral and affect bone density.

A

Ca

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20
Q

Besides bone maintenance, what other 2 functions do Ca have?

A
  • proper function of nerves

- contraction of muscle

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21
Q

What are sources of Ca? (3)

A

-dairy, fish, vegetables

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22
Q

What are Ca binders? What food source are they found?

A
  • proteins that bind to Ca and decrease absorption in GI tract
  • vegetables
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23
Q

What is the recommended intake of Ca?

A

1000mg

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24
Q

Besides post menapausal women and men, _____ are also at risk for Ca deficiency because _____.

A

lactose-intolerant people because not consuming dairy

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25
Q

What does Ca toxicity cause?

A

kidney stones (fragments of bone in kidney)

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26
Q

What are the 3 hydroxyapatites of bones?

A

Mg, Ca, and P

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27
Q

To maintain bone health, we want to slow down _____.

A

bone resportion

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28
Q

Proteins increase/decrease Ca absorption

A

some increase, some decrease (results mixed)

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29
Q

If there is too many _____, body gets rid of Ca.

A

Na because it is also positively charged. Too many positives.

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30
Q

What is the relationship between bone and soft drinks?

A

-soft drinks high in CO2 promote formation of H ions to make acidic enviornment&raquo_space; leads to bone resorption

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31
Q

What is a DEXA scan?

A

xray that shows bone mass

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32
Q

What is estrogen replacement therapy? What is its advantage and disadvantage? Thus, women are less prone to developing _____.

A
  • add estrogen back to womens body
  • benefit = decrease risk of osteoporosis
  • disadvantage = growth of cancer (since it is growth factor)
  • less prone to develop cancer (since lack of estrogen which is a growth factor)
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33
Q

Nonmodiffiable (6) vs Modifiable factors (6) to maintain bone health

A
  • diet = more foods w/Ca, Mg, P
  • smoking = more bone resporption due to free radicals
  • antivonculsants & glucocorticoids slow fown bone deposit
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34
Q

What is the second most abundant mineral in the body?

A

phosphorus

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35
Q

Which 2 parts of the body is the majority of phosphorus found?

A

bones & teeth

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36
Q

What is the function of phosphorus besides bone formation? Thus, it is the major _____ anion, making the inside of the cell _____.

A
  • acid base balance

- intracellular anion, making inside of the cell negative

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37
Q

true or false

phosphorus deficiency is unlikely

A

true

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38
Q

What does a phosphorus toxicity do?

A

calcification of tissues, such as in kidneys to form kidney stones

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39
Q

Half of the body’s magnisum is stored where?

A

in bones

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40
Q

What does a magnesium deficiency cause? It impairs _____ in children

A
  • rickets, osteomalacia

- impair growth in children

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41
Q

Besides formation of bone, what is another function of magnesium? What do we need it for? (4)

A
  • stabilize structure of ATP (enzyme)

- muscle, nerve, immune function

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42
Q

Mg toxicity is usually due to _____.

A

-over-supplementation

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43
Q

What are sources of Mg?

A

dark green veg, whole grain, nuts

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44
Q

What is the body’s major extracellular cation?

A

Na

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45
Q

What is the function of sodium? (3)

A
  • fluid balance/osmolarity (regulate bv & bp)
  • electrolyte balance
  • nutrient absorption (active trasport)
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46
Q

What follows Na? (2)

A

water & Cl

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47
Q

Describe the RAAM process (6)

A
  • renin released from kidney which converts angiotensin released from liver to angiotensin 1
  • Ace turn angiotensin 1 to 2
  • angiotensin 2 goes to adrenal gland to stimulate aldosterone release
  • aldosterne goes to kidney to make Na/K pumps
  • take Na out of urine back into the blood. water follows Na, bv/bp goes up
  • K secreted to urine
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48
Q

What regulates blood Na concentration?

A

aldosterone

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49
Q

What is a deficiency in Na called? What is it caused by? What also does a Na deficiency cause? Na deficiency is caused by _____ & _____.

A
  • hyponatremia caused by excessive water consumption (too much solvent dilutes solute (Na)
  • muscle cramps
  • exercise/excessive sweating also causes deficiency
  • fluid loss (vomitting/diarrhea)
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50
Q

Na increases _____.

A

water weight

51
Q

Na is high in _____. (3)

A

processed foods, packaged meat, soup

52
Q

What is the recommened intake of Na? What about for people with high bp or family history of bp?

A

2300mg

1500mg

53
Q

High Na is correlated with these 3 things which is due to _____.

A

high bp = renal/heart diease = risk of heart attack/stroke increase

54
Q

What does DASH stand for? it is limiting _____ and eating more _____.

A
  • dietary approach to stop hypertension

- limiting Na intake (processed food) eating more whole products

55
Q

K is the major intra/extracellular ion.

A

intracellular

56
Q

What are the 2 functions of K?

A
  • fluid & electrolyte balance (Na/K pump –> bp/bv regulation)
  • heart beat
57
Q

Movement of what causes the muscle to relax?

A

K

58
Q

A deficiency in this mineral causes cramps.

A

potassium so eat banana

59
Q

What are the 3 sources of K?

A

fruits, veg, milk/dairy products

60
Q

How is K regulated? How is it secreted from body?

A

-K level regulation with aldosterone (K out w/urine)

61
Q

What is the major source of chloride?

A

NaCl (salt)

62
Q

Cl is the major intra/extracellular anion.

A

extracellular

63
Q

Nacl has a _____ bond

A

ionic

64
Q

What are the 2 functions of chloride?

A
  • fluid/electrolyte balance (follows Na)

- HCl needed for breakdown protein in stomach

65
Q

What is cystic fibrosis? What is the mechanism? Why do they need to be careful of bacteria?

A
  • mutation in protein that transports Cl out of lung
  • Cl cannnot be transported out of lung, so stays in alveolar tissue. lots of mucous build up because water follows Na. Thus, cannot breath in/out completely.
  • bacteria clings to mucous, so CF ppl are more susceptible to infections
66
Q

What is the function of sulfur? (2)

A

forms the disulfide bonds (extremely hard) cystine and methionine proteins

67
Q

What determins the soft/hardness of keratin?

A

number of disulfide bonds

68
Q

What are the major minerals? (7) What are the trace minerals? (9)

A 
major = Na, K, Cl, Ca, P, Mg, S
trace = Fe, Cu, Zn, Se, I, Cr, F, Mn, Mo
69
Q

What mineral is found in every cell?

A

iron

70
Q

What 2 major proteins are iron a part of? What are the functions of these 2 proteins?

A

hemoglobin (transport gas) & myoglobin (storage O2 in muscle)

71
Q

What is the structure of hemoglobin? What binds to the iron?

A
  • 4 polypeptide anchored by iron

- CO2 & O2

72
Q

Where is iron stored? (2)

A

in the liver, bone marrow

73
Q

Where is iron broken down? Why?

A

-broken down in spleen so iron can be recycled to go back to bone marrow to make more RBC or myoglobin

74
Q

What is the function of iron? (5)

A
  • transport O2

- make new cells, aa, hormones, neurotransmitters

75
Q

Why do proteins bind to iron? What does it do? What are the 2 proteins?

A
  • toxic if free floating/promots free radicals
  • neutralize iron
  • ferritin & transferrin
76
Q

What regulates blood iron levels? Which organ is it from? Where does it regulate in? What is the mechanism?

A
  • hepcidin from liver regulates absorption in SI
  • when Fe levels high, block iron absorption to be eliminated in the feces
  • when Fe levels low, hepcidin not released to be absorbed
77
Q

What are the 2 forms of iron? Where are they found? which is more readily absorbed? Why?

A
  • heme & nonheme
  • heme (hemoglobin) found in blood so meat products
  • nonheme found in plants
  • MFP factor found in protein in meat, fish, poultry that binds to Fe and helps absorption
  • fe absorption inhibitor phosphate & tannis found in tea/coffee, soy, fiber
78
Q

What population is at risk for iron deficiency? Why?

A

vegetarians because consume lots of soy with fe absorption inhibitor tannis & phosphate

79
Q

What disease does an iron deficiency cause? What is it? What does it result in?

A
  • iron deficiency anemia
  • low RBC counts/low O2 carrying capacity
  • not enough Fe to make RBC > not enough O2 > not enough ATP
80
Q

What are the 3 symptoms of an iron defiency anemia?

A

mental symptoms (diziness, confusion), paleness, fatigue

81
Q

What is it called when RBC are smaller? What skin color does it result in? What is it called?

A

microcytosis

pale skin = hypochromia

82
Q

What population is prone to iron deficiency? (6) Why? Who is the MOST prone?

A
  • preschool children that do not like to eat meat products
  • infants (breast milk does not have much)
  • women (heavy menstrual flow)
  • pregnant women (period of growth requires more fe)
  • athletes (bruising destruction of RBC and increased demand for fe)
  • highest in vegetarians
83
Q

What are the sources of iodine? (3)

A

salt, seaweed, dairy

84
Q

Iodine’s work is done by its ionic form called _____.

A

Iodide

85
Q

What are the 2 roles of iodine?

A

make thyroid hormone thyroxine (T4 &T3) to regulate metabolism & growth of cells

86
Q

What 2 types of thyroid hormones do iodide make? What is their difference? Thyroid produces more of which one? What is the active form? What enzyme converts T4 to T3?

A
  • T4 & T3
  • difference in number of iodide bound (4 and 3)
  • produces more T4
  • active form is T3
  • deidodinase takes iodide off ot T4 and make T3
87
Q

What does an iodine deficiency cause? What happens? When iodine levels low, _____ released which goes down to the _____ to use it to make _____.

A
  • goiter
  • cannot make thyoid hormone/thyroxine. brain (anterior pituitary gland) senses needs thyroid hormone/thyroxine but cannot. the signal keeps going and protein accumulates
  • when low in iodine, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) released, which goes down to the thyroid gland to make thyroxine
88
Q

What does an iodine deficiency cause in pregnant women? What results in child?

A
  • cretinism
  • not enough idodie in pregnancy
  • mental retardation/abnormalities in child, physical disability (because thyroid hormone important in growth)
89
Q

What does an iodine toxicity cause? Why? What physical characteristic does it result in?

A
  • goiter
  • iodide accumulates in thyroid gland
  • increases metabolism/tissue growth behind the eyes to cause bulging eyes
90
Q

This mineral works with proteins in every organ.

A

zinc

91
Q

What are the functions of zinc?

A

Activates enzymes, synthesis of digestive proteins, immune function (antioxidant), reproduction

92
Q

What is the major antioxidant mineral?

A

Se

93
Q

Which mineral activate superoxide dismutase that gets rid of free radicals?

A

zinc

94
Q

What is the toxicity of Zn? What is their relationship?

A
  • impairs absorption of Fe and Cu
  • vice versa
  • lowed HDL –> increase risk heart diseases
95
Q

What is the best source of zinc?

A

-meat

96
Q

What population is most prone to zinc deficiency?

A

vegetarians

97
Q

What does a zinc defiency cause?

A

loss of appetite, weight loss, diarrhea

98
Q

What are the 3 minerals involved in formation of hemaglobin? What are their roles?

A
  • Zn, Fe, Cu
  • Fe assembly of hemaglobin
  • Zn and Cu cofactors in enzymes that produce hemaglobin
99
Q

Which vitamin does selenium work with?

A

vitamin E (both antioxidants)

100
Q

What are the 2 functions of selenium?

A

-antioxidant & formation of thyroid hormones

101
Q

What 2 minerals make thyroid hormones? What are their roles?

A 
iodine = component of thyroid hormone
selenium = cofactor to make that hormone
102
Q

What mineral reduces the risk of cancer because it is an antioxidant?

A

Se

103
Q

What does a selenium deficiency cause?

A
  • inflammation

- muscle pain & weakness

104
Q

A deficiency in this mineral causes keshan’s disease. What is its mechanism? How does it affect the body?

A
  • selenium
  • type of cardiomyopathy
  • heart muscle doesnt function properly so increases in size
  • impede other organs, waste muscles, decrease heart stroke
105
Q

How does a toxicity in selenium occur? What does it cause? It is consuming more than _____ug a day.

A
  • over supplementation
  • nerve abnormalities and bone issues
  • 400ug
106
Q

What are the sources of selenium? (2)

A

meat & shellfish

107
Q

True or false

Fluoride is essential to life.

A

false (not essential)

108
Q

What are the functions of fluride? (4)

A
  • Fluorapatite
  • Blocking acid formation by bacteria
  • Preventing demineralization of teeth
  • Enhancing remineralization of destroyed enamel
109
Q

What 4 minerals come together to form fluroapetities?

A

Ca, P, Mg, Fl

110
Q

What does a fluroide toxiciy cause? What is it?

A

flurosis = staining teeth

111
Q

What does a fluride deficiency cause?

A

dental decay/tooth rot (tooth destroyed)

112
Q

What is the best source of fluoride?

A

fluoridated water

113
Q

What is the function of chromium?

A

carbohydrate & lipid metabolism (promotes insulin and glucose uptake into cells)

114
Q

What is the best source for chromium?

A

unrefined foods

115
Q

What is the function of copper?

A

Helps form hemoglobin (helps the enzyme needed for hemoglobin formation)

116
Q

True or False

Copper deficiency is rare.

A

true

117
Q

What is the function of manganese? (1)

A

-role in gluconeogenesis (formation of glucose from non-carbs) breakdown of proteins/aa to give glucose for energy

118
Q

What is manganese toxicity?

A

nerve damage

119
Q

What is manganese deficiency cause? (4)

A

decrease growth, abnormal glucose metabolism, decreased energy production, skeletal abnormalities

120
Q

What is the function of molygdenum? (2)

A
  • cofactor in different enzymatic reactions

- bone formation, ligaments/tendons

121
Q

What does a molybdenum toxicity result in?

A

arthritis

122
Q

true or false

there is no recommended intake for sulfur

A

true

123
Q

true or false

sulfur deficiencies are unknown

A

true

Nutrition (13 decks)

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