Chapter 10 & 11 Minerals Flashcards
True or False. Mineral is an element
true
Where are minerals found? (2)
plant & animal products
How many mg of major minerals should we be consuming? When is it a trace mineral?
> 100mg = major
< 100mg = trace
What is the difference between coenzyme and cofactor? (2)
coenzyme = organic, vitamins cofactor = inorganic, minerals
What is the most abundant mineral in the body?
calcium
What is the function of calcium? (2)
- bone formation (hydroxyapatites)
- teeth formation (dentin & enamel)
What kind of cell makes and breaks bones? What do osteoblasts make? When do osteoid tissues harden?
- OB makes bones: produces osteoid tissue (soft collagen tissue)
- bones harden once mineral incorporated into osteoid tissue
-OC break bones
What minerals create the bonds to harden bone? (3)
calcium, phosphate magnesium
What is dentin and enamel? What is the hardest substance in the body? Because of which mineral?
- dentin bone of teeth
- enamel layer on top that is the hardest substance in body
- fluoride increases the bond
What is trabecular vs cortical bone? What do trabecular bones have? What does it do? Where is compact bone seen?
- trabecular = spongy bone w/inner openings for blood vessels; gives flexibility
- cortical = compact bone; hard bone seen on outside
What causes loss of bones? Due to? When does bone mass peak? What cell activity decrease & increase? What is the process called?
- inevitable consequence of aging due to changes in hormonal levels
- bone mass peaks in adolescence and into the 20th
- OB activity slows down, OC activity increases
- breaking down bones = resorption
A deficiency in calcium causes _____ in kids and _____ & _____ in adults.
- rickets in children
- osteomalacia, osteoporosis in adults
What causes rickets?
poor Mg, P, Ca deposit
Osteoporosis occurs when bone _____ > bone _____. What do they often cause?
- bone resorption > bone deposit
- fractures
This population is more prone to osteoporosis. Why? Where do they occur? (3) Men are also/not as prone to osteoporosis? Due to? What helps?
- post menapause women
- decrease in estrogen levels (growth factor_
- vertebral column, wrist joint, hip joint
- men also prone to because of decrease in testosterone but not as drastic as females
- supplements
Body fluids contain _____% of body’s calcium. Therefore it is _____ regulated.
1%
tigtly regulated
What tightly regulates blood Ca levels? (2) When blood Ca goes down, _____ is released. It then affects which 3 organs? How?
- vitamin D and parathyroid hormone
- PTH released when Ca levels down to increase blood Ca levels
- kidney, small intestine, bone
- PTH goes to the kidneys to activate vitamin D so it goes to the SI to increase Ca absorption
- PTH also goes to the kidneys to promote Ca resorption from urine
- PTH goes to the bone to stimulate OC activity to breakdown bones.
How is Ca eliminated?
through urine
The skeletons serve as a bank for this mineral and affect bone density.
Ca
Besides bone maintenance, what other 2 functions do Ca have?
- proper function of nerves
- contraction of muscle
What are sources of Ca? (3)
-dairy, fish, vegetables
What are Ca binders? What food source are they found?
- proteins that bind to Ca and decrease absorption in GI tract
- vegetables
What is the recommended intake of Ca?
1000mg
Besides post menapausal women and men, _____ are also at risk for Ca deficiency because _____.
lactose-intolerant people because not consuming dairy