Chapter 3 Water & Electrolytes Flashcards
_____ is the most indispensable nutrient
water
What does water weight have to do with?
About how much bodyweight is water in males, females, newborns, and the elderly?
has to do with fat content
males 60&
females 55%
infants 70%
elderly 45%
Of the ~60% water content _____ is outside the cell and _____ is inside the cell.
1/3 extracellular
2/3 intracellular
Of the 1/3 extracellular fluid, _____ is blood plasma and _____ is interstitial fluid. What are they?
8% blood plasma (solvent that transports RBC, WBC, platelets)
25% interstitial fluid (fluid surrounding cell)
What are the 5 roles of water?
- solvent
- medium for chemical reactions
- cleansing agent
- lubricant and cushion
- temperature regulation
Water is the universal _____. What is a solvent? A solute? What are some examples of solutes?
- solvent: most abundant liquid (usually water)
- solute: anything dissolved in solvent (ex. nutrients, RBC, platelets in bloodstream)
Why do all chemical reactions take place in water? (3)
- H2O easily creates and breaks bonds (hydrolysis & dehydration synthesis)
- water has neutral pH
- absorbs heat released from reactions (high heat capacity)
How does water regulate temperature? (2)
- has high heat capacity that absorbs heat
- cool by sweating
How is water a cleansing agent?
eliminates solutes through urine
Water cushions and lubricates through _____ and by _____.
buoyancy, reducing friction
what is sensible vs insensible water loss? what are some examples?
sensible = conscious like sweating/peeing insensible = unconscious like water vapor from breathing
What is the DRI recommendations for water for females and males? (in L and cups) What is the myth? What is the amount of water consumption per individual based on? (4)
females = 2.7L or 11 cups males = 3.7L or 15/16 cups
- no scientific evidence that 8 cups of water a day is good
- activity, age, sex, diet, BP
What adds to the water pool? (2) What drains the water pool? (4) What do we want the net be?
Adds
- 2.2L from food & beverage
- 0.3L from production of water in chemical reactions
Drains
- urine
- feces
- sweating
- breathing out
want to be at net 0
What are in hard (2) and soft water?
- hard = calcium and magnesium
- soft = sodium
What is spring water? It has a lot of _____. Is it filtered?
- comes from a natural springs
- lots of minerals from rocks
- filtered to take toxins out
What is distilled water? What does it contain? What is it good and not good for?
- highly purified water
- no mineral/nutrient in the water. just pure water
- not good for drinking since low in nutrients
- good for coffee pots because no build up
What is alkaline water? Is it recommened to consume it?
- bases added to it
- no, interferes with human buffer system
Hard water. Where can they be found? What 2 minerals does it have? What do they do to the taste? What does it not mix well with? As a result, what forms? What bad thing does it also do?
- private wells
- calcium and magnesium, which makes it taste great
- does not mix well with soap, forms soap scum
- calcium deposits ruin pipes and appliances
What is the process that is used to clean hard water? Why do we not want Na?
- Water softener has a membrane that does not let Mg & Ca through and is replaced with Na.
- Do reverse osmosis. Membrane negative so Na binds to membrane
Water is cleaned!
Hi Na = hi BP
What are cations and anions? What are 3 common anions? What kind of bond forms between anion and cation?
- cations donate e-
- anions accepts e-
- common anions = Cl, P, S
- ionic bond
What is the solute/water concentration in Hypertonic, Isotonic, and Hypotonic solutions? What happens to cells put in each type of solution? What is the cell shriveling process called? What kind of patients do we give hypertonic solutions to? What about hypotonic solutions?
Hypertonic
- high solute concentration outside the cell
- water flows out of the cell to the outside, cell shrivels (crenation)
- aka low water concentration
- give to patients that have edema, swelling
Isotonic
-equal amount solute inside and outside cell
Hypotonic
- low solute concentration aka high water concentration
- water flows into the cell, lysing the cell
- DO NOT give hypotonic solutions, cells will all die
What is hydrostatic vs osmotic pressure?
hydrostatic = pressure exerted by water osmotic = pressure created by solutes
pH of ____ is neutral. Anything below is _____ which contain more _____ ions. Anything above is _____ which contain more _____ ions. The pH scales is a _____ scale, which means that each time you go up a number, it increases by _____. What do buffers do? (2)
7
<7 = acidic, more H+ ions
>7 = basic/alkaline, more OH- ions
Increases by 10»_space; which is why pH control is important!
buffer always tries to make pH 7
- add more OH to acidic solutions
- buffer releases more H ions into basic solutions
Water balance is regulated by _____ and _____. What does an increase in blood volume do?
blood volume, blood pressure
-increases BP which puts a strain on the heart & kidneys