Chapter 3 Water & Electrolytes Flashcards
_____ is the most indispensable nutrient
water
What does water weight have to do with?
About how much bodyweight is water in males, females, newborns, and the elderly?
has to do with fat content
males 60&
females 55%
infants 70%
elderly 45%
Of the ~60% water content _____ is outside the cell and _____ is inside the cell.
1/3 extracellular
2/3 intracellular
Of the 1/3 extracellular fluid, _____ is blood plasma and _____ is interstitial fluid. What are they?
8% blood plasma (solvent that transports RBC, WBC, platelets)
25% interstitial fluid (fluid surrounding cell)
What are the 5 roles of water?
- solvent
- medium for chemical reactions
- cleansing agent
- lubricant and cushion
- temperature regulation
Water is the universal _____. What is a solvent? A solute? What are some examples of solutes?
- solvent: most abundant liquid (usually water)
- solute: anything dissolved in solvent (ex. nutrients, RBC, platelets in bloodstream)
Why do all chemical reactions take place in water? (3)
- H2O easily creates and breaks bonds (hydrolysis & dehydration synthesis)
- water has neutral pH
- absorbs heat released from reactions (high heat capacity)
How does water regulate temperature? (2)
- has high heat capacity that absorbs heat
- cool by sweating
How is water a cleansing agent?
eliminates solutes through urine
Water cushions and lubricates through _____ and by _____.
buoyancy, reducing friction
what is sensible vs insensible water loss? what are some examples?
sensible = conscious like sweating/peeing insensible = unconscious like water vapor from breathing
What is the DRI recommendations for water for females and males? (in L and cups) What is the myth? What is the amount of water consumption per individual based on? (4)
females = 2.7L or 11 cups males = 3.7L or 15/16 cups
- no scientific evidence that 8 cups of water a day is good
- activity, age, sex, diet, BP
What adds to the water pool? (2) What drains the water pool? (4) What do we want the net be?
Adds
- 2.2L from food & beverage
- 0.3L from production of water in chemical reactions
Drains
- urine
- feces
- sweating
- breathing out
want to be at net 0
What are in hard (2) and soft water?
- hard = calcium and magnesium
- soft = sodium
What is spring water? It has a lot of _____. Is it filtered?
- comes from a natural springs
- lots of minerals from rocks
- filtered to take toxins out
What is distilled water? What does it contain? What is it good and not good for?
- highly purified water
- no mineral/nutrient in the water. just pure water
- not good for drinking since low in nutrients
- good for coffee pots because no build up
What is alkaline water? Is it recommened to consume it?
- bases added to it
- no, interferes with human buffer system
Hard water. Where can they be found? What 2 minerals does it have? What do they do to the taste? What does it not mix well with? As a result, what forms? What bad thing does it also do?
- private wells
- calcium and magnesium, which makes it taste great
- does not mix well with soap, forms soap scum
- calcium deposits ruin pipes and appliances
What is the process that is used to clean hard water? Why do we not want Na?
- Water softener has a membrane that does not let Mg & Ca through and is replaced with Na.
- Do reverse osmosis. Membrane negative so Na binds to membrane
Water is cleaned!
Hi Na = hi BP
What are cations and anions? What are 3 common anions? What kind of bond forms between anion and cation?
- cations donate e-
- anions accepts e-
- common anions = Cl, P, S
- ionic bond
What is the solute/water concentration in Hypertonic, Isotonic, and Hypotonic solutions? What happens to cells put in each type of solution? What is the cell shriveling process called? What kind of patients do we give hypertonic solutions to? What about hypotonic solutions?
Hypertonic
- high solute concentration outside the cell
- water flows out of the cell to the outside, cell shrivels (crenation)
- aka low water concentration
- give to patients that have edema, swelling
Isotonic
-equal amount solute inside and outside cell
Hypotonic
- low solute concentration aka high water concentration
- water flows into the cell, lysing the cell
- DO NOT give hypotonic solutions, cells will all die
What is hydrostatic vs osmotic pressure?
hydrostatic = pressure exerted by water osmotic = pressure created by solutes
pH of ____ is neutral. Anything below is _____ which contain more _____ ions. Anything above is _____ which contain more _____ ions. The pH scales is a _____ scale, which means that each time you go up a number, it increases by _____. What do buffers do? (2)
7
<7 = acidic, more H+ ions
>7 = basic/alkaline, more OH- ions
Increases by 10»_space; which is why pH control is important!
buffer always tries to make pH 7
- add more OH to acidic solutions
- buffer releases more H ions into basic solutions
Water balance is regulated by _____ and _____. What does an increase in blood volume do?
blood volume, blood pressure
-increases BP which puts a strain on the heart & kidneys
What is hypothalamus a neuroendocrine organ? What does it do?
- uses neutrotransmitters and hormones
- regulates homeostasis
How does hypothalamus pick up changes in osmolarity? in pressure?
- has receptors all over the body to sense osmolarity change
- baroreceptors sense changes in pressure
What is vasopressin?
an anti-dirueretic hormone that causes blood vessels to constrict and increase bp
What are the 2 hypothalamus mechanisms when blood volume decreases?
- Blood volume decrease means that water content decreased. Thus, salivary gland shut off, making the mouth drier. That makes you want to drink liquid to increase blood volume again.
- Blood volume goes down, and an antidiuretic hormone (prevents from peeing) is released from the pituitary gland. The antidieuretic hormone is released into the bloodstream where it travels to the kidney. The kidneys pull water back from pee, bringing blood volume up and bp back up.
What do kidneys detect? Through what 2 things?
blood volume through osmo and baroreceptors
How does the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism work? (the flow from kidney to angiotensin 2) What does the system do?
Kidney senses decrease in blood vol/pressure and releases protein renin into the blood. Angiotensinogen produced by the liver floating in the bloodstream is converted into angiotensin 1 by renin. Then, it is converrted to angiotensin 2 by ACE.
Where does angiotensin 2 go and do? (3)
- goes to blood vessels and causes it to constrict to increase bp
- goes to hypothalamus and stimulate the release of antidieuretic hormone
- goes to adrenal gland and releases aldosterone (adrenal gland can also release aldosterone by self)
What does aldosterone do?
Goes to kidneys to make a Na/K pump in kidneys. The Na/K pumps Na out of urine/filtrate back into the blood. (K gets eliminated out thru urine) Water follows salt and bp/vol goes back up.
What is the purpose of the renin angiotensin aldosterone mechanism?
increase bp and volume back up
What mechanism happens when bp is too high?
Release ANP to block RAAM
What is an electrolyte? (2)
- anything that carries charge when placed in water/solvent/fluid
- inheriently want to be cations or anions
What is the major extracellular cation? What does it do? (3)
- sodium
- water balance, nerve transmission, nutrient absorption
What is the major extracellular anion? What does it do? (3)
- chloride
- removes CO2 from tissues and takes it to lungs to breathe out
- water charge balance by following Na+
- acid-base balance
What is the major intracellular cation? What does it do? (3)
- potassium
- water balance, nerve transmission, acid-base balance
What is the major intraceullar anion? Where are they found? (3)
- phosphate
- part of ATP, ADP and bound to DNA/RNA
Which system regulates the ion concentration around the cells? What goes in if want the cell to be +? -? For Na+ to get inside the cell, _____ has to go out. What does it drive?
- nervous system
- if inside of cell needs to become +, K/Na go in, Cl out
- to get Na in, K has to go out
- drives nutrient absorption
What were happening to football players that exhausted them by half time? How much sweat were they losing? You can become dehydrated by losing only _____% of your total body weight. Why was the first flavor lemon-lime? What was the result of drinking gatorade? Why is the name called gatorade?
- losing electrolytes with sweat (6-9 pounds of water per practice session!)
- 2%
- first gatoaide disgusting so put lemon juice in it
- boosted players with energy
- a”i”de the florida gators
What is hyponaatremia? How does it happen? What can it result in?
- water intoxication = excessive water consumption over short period of time
- low levels of sodium in blood, which means water moves to where there is higher concentration of sodium, which is inside the cell
- the cells swell and burst
- can result in death!
What is dehydration? It results in cell _____.
loss of 2% body weight in water due to excessive sweating/urination
-results in crenation
Is dehydration or water intoxication better?
crenation (dehydration) better than lysing (intoxication) because shriveled cells can always fill back up with water
What is excessive water loss called? What does it cause?
- dehydration
- causes decrease in blood vol
What causes dehydration? (7)
-heat, exccessive sweating (some hormonal conditions), exercise, diarrhea, vomitting, hyperglycemia (high flucose levels urinated), burns
What diseases are dehydration linked to? (3)
kidney and heart disease, diabetes
kid and heart go hand and hand because both regulate bp/vol. if one goes out of wack the other does too.
What is a heat stroke/temperature? What causes it? What are its key symptoms? (2) How do you treat it? What population is at most risk?
- body temp greater than 105.1F or 40.6C
- dehydration
- dry skin (absence of sweating as body holds onto fluid), rapid pulse (heart pankicking to not let body shut down)
- get them to a cool enviornment and DO NOT give them fluid
- infants, elderly, athletes
