Chapter 9- Thinking & Intelligence Flashcards
concept
a mental category that groups objects, relations, activities, abstractions or qualities having common properties
basic concept
concepts that have a moderate number of instances and that are easier to acquire than those having few or many instances (apple vs fruit)
prototype
an especially representative example of a concept (apple = fruit vs pineapple)
proposition
a unit of meaning that is made up of concepts and express a single idea
cognitive schema
an integrated mental network of knowledge beliefs and expectations concerning a particular topic or aspect of the world
mental image
a neutral representation that mirrors or resembles the thing it represents; occur in many and perhaps all sensory modalities
subconscious processes
mental processes occurring outside of conscious awareness but accessible to consciousness when necessary
nonconscious processes
mental processes occurring outside of and not available to conscious awareness
implicit learning
learning that occurs when you acquire knowledge about something without being aware of how you did so and without being able to state exactly what it is you have learned
reasoning
the drawing of conclusions or inferences from observations, facts, or assumptions
a problem solving strategy guaranteed to produce a solution even if the user does not know how it works
algorithm
deductive reasoning
a form or reasoning in which a conclusion follows necessarily from a certain premises; if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true
inductive reasoning
a form of reasoning in which the premises provide support for a conclusion, but it is still possible for the conclusions to be false
heuristic
a rule of thumb that suggests a course of action or guides problem solving but does not guarantee an optimal solution
dialectical reasoning
a process in which opposing facts or ideas are weighed and compared w a view to determining the best solution or resolving differences
affect heuristic
tendency to consult ones emotions instead of estimating probabilities objectively
availability heuristic
tendency to judge the probability of a type of event by how easy it is to think of examples or instances
framing effect
tendency for peoples choices to be affected by how a choice is presented or framed
hindsight bias
tendency to overestimate ones ability to have predicted an event once the outcome is known
confirmation bias
tendency to look for or pay attention to only info that confirms ones own belief
mental set
tendency to solve problems using procedures that worked before on similar problems
post-decision dissonance
in the theory of cognitive dissonance, tension that occurs when you believe you may have made a bad decision
justification of effort
tendency of individuals to increase their liking for something that they have worked hard or suffered to attain; a common form of dissonance reduction
intelligence
an inferred characteristic of an individual usually defined as the ability to profit from experience, acquire knowledge, think abstractly, act purposefully, or adapt to changes in the environment
