Chapter 14- Personality Flashcards
A distinctive and relatively stable pattern of behaviour, thoughts, motives and emotions that characterizes an individual
Personality
A characteristic of an individual, describing a habitual way of behaving, thinking or feeling
Trait
Psychoanalysis
A theory of personality and a method of psychotherapy developed by Sigmund Freud; emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts.
Psychodynamic theories
Theories that explain behaviour and personality in terms of unconscious energy dynamics w/in the individual
in psychoanalysis, the part of personality containing psychic energy, particularly sexual and aggressive instincts. Present at birth.
id
libido
in psychoanalysis, the psychic energy that fuels the life or sexual instincts of the id
in psychoanalysis, the part of personality that represents reason, good sense, and rational self-control
Ego
in psychoanalysis, the part of personality that represents conscience, morality, and social standards
Superego
Methods used by ego to prevent unconscious anxiety or threatening thoughts from entering consciousness
Defense mechanisms
Psychosexual stages
In Freud’s theory, the idea that sexual energy takes different forms as the child matures; the stages are oral, anal, phallic (Oedipal), latency and genital
Oedipus complex
In psychoanalysis, a conflict occurring in the phallic (Oedipal) stage, in which a child desires the parent of the other sex and views the same sex parent as a rival.
Collective unconscious
Carl Jung- in Jungian theory, the universal memories and experiences of humankind, represented in the symbols, stories and images (archetypes) that occur across all cultures
Universal, symbolic images that appear in myths, art, stories and dreams; to Jungians, they reflect the collective unconscious. E.g. shadow archetype = Vader, Dracula
Archetypes
Object-relations school
a psychodynamic approach that emphasizes the importance of the infants first 2 years and the baby’s formative relationships, especially with the mother. (Klein & Winnicott)
Standardized questionnaires requiring written responses; they typically include scales on which people are asked to rate themselves.
Objective tests (inventories)
A statistical method for analyzing the intercorrelations among various measures or test scores that are highly correlated are assumed to measure the same underlying trait or ability (factor)
Factor analysis
Temperaments
Physiological dispositions to respond to the environment in certain ways; they are present in infancy and in many nonhuman species and are assummed to be innate. e.g. reactivity, soothability
A statistical estimate of the proportion of the total variance in some trait is attributable to genetic differences among individuals w/in a group
heritability
In social-cognitive theories, the two-way interaction b/w aspects of the individual in the shaping of personality traits.
reciprocal determinism
Non-shared environment
unique aspects of a person’s environment and experience that are not shared w family members
Culture
a program of shared rules that governs the behaviour of members of a community or society and a set of values, beliefs and attitudes shared by most members of that community.
Cultures in which the self is regarded as autonomous and individual goals and wishes are prized above duty and relations w others
individualistic cultures
Cultures in which the self is regarded as embedded in relationships,and harmony w one’s group is prized above individual goals and wishes
collectivist cultures
A psychological approach that emphasizes personal growth, resilience, and the achievement of human potential. (replaces psychoanalysis and behaviourism)
Humanist psychology
