Chapter 14- Personality

Question 1

A distinctive and relatively stable pattern of behaviour, thoughts, motives and emotions that characterizes an individual

Answer 1

Personality

Question 2

A characteristic of an individual, describing a habitual way of behaving, thinking or feeling

Answer 2

Trait

Question 3

Psychoanalysis

Answer 3

A theory of personality and a method of psychotherapy developed by Sigmund Freud; emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts.

Question 4

Psychodynamic theories

Answer 4

Theories that explain behaviour and personality in terms of unconscious energy dynamics w/in the individual

Question 5

in psychoanalysis, the part of personality containing psychic energy, particularly sexual and aggressive instincts. Present at birth.

Answer 5

id

Question 6

libido

Answer 6

in psychoanalysis, the psychic energy that fuels the life or sexual instincts of the id

Question 7

in psychoanalysis, the part of personality that represents reason, good sense, and rational self-control

Answer 7

Ego

Question 8

in psychoanalysis, the part of personality that represents conscience, morality, and social standards

Answer 8

Superego

Question 9

Methods used by ego to prevent unconscious anxiety or threatening thoughts from entering consciousness

Answer 9

Defense mechanisms

Question 10

Psychosexual stages

Answer 10

In Freud’s theory, the idea that sexual energy takes different forms as the child matures; the stages are oral, anal, phallic (Oedipal), latency and genital

Question 11

Oedipus complex

Answer 11

In psychoanalysis, a conflict occurring in the phallic (Oedipal) stage, in which a child desires the parent of the other sex and views the same sex parent as a rival.

Question 12

Collective unconscious

Answer 12

Carl Jung- in Jungian theory, the universal memories and experiences of humankind, represented in the symbols, stories and images (archetypes) that occur across all cultures

Question 13

Universal, symbolic images that appear in myths, art, stories and dreams; to Jungians, they reflect the collective unconscious. E.g. shadow archetype = Vader, Dracula

Answer 13

Archetypes

Question 14

Object-relations school

Answer 14

a psychodynamic approach that emphasizes the importance of the infants first 2 years and the baby’s formative relationships, especially with the mother. (Klein & Winnicott)

Question 15

Standardized questionnaires requiring written responses; they typically include scales on which people are asked to rate themselves.

Answer 15

Objective tests (inventories)

Question 16

A statistical method for analyzing the intercorrelations among various measures or test scores that are highly correlated are assumed to measure the same underlying trait or ability (factor)

Answer 16

Factor analysis

Question 17

Temperaments

Answer 17

Physiological dispositions to respond to the environment in certain ways; they are present in infancy and in many nonhuman species and are assummed to be innate. e.g. reactivity, soothability

Question 18

A statistical estimate of the proportion of the total variance in some trait is attributable to genetic differences among individuals w/in a group

Answer 18

heritability

Question 19

In social-cognitive theories, the two-way interaction b/w aspects of the individual in the shaping of personality traits.

Answer 19

reciprocal determinism

Question 20

Non-shared environment

Answer 20

unique aspects of a person’s environment and experience that are not shared w family members

Question 21

Culture

Answer 21

a program of shared rules that governs the behaviour of members of a community or society and a set of values, beliefs and attitudes shared by most members of that community.

Question 22

Cultures in which the self is regarded as autonomous and individual goals and wishes are prized above duty and relations w others

Answer 22

individualistic cultures

Question 23

Cultures in which the self is regarded as embedded in relationships,and harmony w one’s group is prized above individual goals and wishes

Answer 23

collectivist cultures

Question 24

A psychological approach that emphasizes personal growth, resilience, and the achievement of human potential. (replaces psychoanalysis and behaviourism)

Answer 24

Humanist psychology

Question 25

Unconditional positive regard

Answer 25

Carl Rogers; love or support given to another person w no conditions attached

Question 26

Existentialism

Answer 26

A philosophical approach that emphasizes the inevitable dilemmas and challenges of human existence (confront death, responsibility of actions).