Chapter 9: Thinking and Intelligence

Question 1

A concept is a mental category that groups what?

Answer 1

Objects
Relations
Activities
Abstractions

Question 2

What is a basic concept?

Answer 2

Easier to acquire than concepts with few or many instances. Used most often because they convey an optimal amount of info

Question 3

When deciding if something belongs to a concept, we compare it to a _______ which is representative of the concept

Answer 3

prototype

Question 4

What is Whorf’s theory?

Answer 4

The words used to express concepts may influence or shape the way we think about them

Question 5

What are cognitive schemas?

Answer 5

Mental network of knowledge, beliefs, and expectations concerning an aspect of the world

Question 6

_______ _______ lie outside of awareness but can be brought into consciousness when necessary

Answer 6

Subconscious processes

Question 7

What do psychologists suggest multitasking should be called?

Answer 7

Task switching

Question 8

What are nonconscious processes?

Answer 8

Remain outside of consciousness, but still affect behaviour? They are involved in implicit learning

Question 9

What is an algorithm?

Answer 9

A problem-solving strategy guaranteed to produce the correct/best solution, even if the user doesn’t know how it works

Question 10

What are heuristics?

Answer 10

Mental shortcuts to help limit options to a manageable number and reduce cognitive effort for decision. These are very important and used often

Question 11

Some problems lend themselves to nonconscious processes such as _______ and _______.

Answer 11

intuition, insight

Question 12

This is purposeful mental activity to reach a conclusion

Answer 12

Reasoning

Question 13

What is the difference between formal and informal reasoning problems?

Answer 13

Formal: a single correct/best answer

Informal: no clearly correct solution

Question 14

What is dialectical reasoning?

Answer 14

A process in which opposing facts or ideas are compared and weighed in order to reach the best solution

Question 15

Difference between affect and availability heuristics?

Answer 15

Affect heuristic: tendency to consult emotions to judge a situation

Available heuristic: tendency to judge the probability of a type of event by how easy it is to think of examples or instances

Question 16

What is the conjunction fallacy?

Answer 16

Mistaken belief hat finding a specific member in 2 overlapping categories is more likely than finding any member of the larger, general category

Question 17

What is the framing effect?

Answer 17

Tendency for people’s choices to be affected by how it is presented, or framed to them

Question 18

People often forgo economic gain because of ________ ________ we are motivated to see fairness prevail

Answer 18

fairness bias

Question 19

What is the hindsight bias?

Answer 19

People often overestimate their ability to have made accurate predictions

Question 20

This is when a person only pays attention to evidence that confirms their belief

Answer 20

Conformation bias

Question 21

Ted is using the same strategies to solve a problem that worked for him before, but it does not seem to be working well. What is Ted demonstrating?

Answer 21

A mental set

Question 22

Most psychologists believe that a general ability, __________ (_____), underlies mental performance

Answer 22

g factor (Spearman’s G)

Question 23

What are the 2 types of general ability (g factor)?

Answer 23

CRYSTALLIZED (accumulated knowledge and skills)

FLUID (reason and use new info to solve problems)

Question 24

Knowledge or awareness of your own cognitive processes and the ability to monitor and control these processes

Answer 24

Metacognition

Question 25

What are the aspects of Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence?

Answer 25

ANALYTICAL (info-processing)
CREATIVE (skills to new situations)
PRACTICAL (mix….???