Chapter 12: Development Flashcards

1
Q

What are the motor reflexes of newborns?

A

Rooting
Stepping
Babinski
Grasping (palmar)

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2
Q

What are creative techniques that researchers use to learn about infants’ visual range

A

Habituation
Preferential looking

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3
Q

Babies do not have depth perception until…

A

6 months

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4
Q

A crucial window of time for cognitive development

A

Critical period

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5
Q

A long-lasting, intimate, and emotional bond that persists across different types of interaction and social situations

A

Attachment

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6
Q

What are styles of attachment?

A

Secure attachment

Insecure attachment
-anxious/ambivalent
-avoident

Disorganized

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7
Q

What are predictors of insecure attachment?

A

Abandonment and deprivation in the first years of life

Parenting that is abusive or erratic

The child’s genetic temperament

Stressful family situations

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8
Q

Fitting new information into the belief system you already possess

A

Assimilation

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9
Q

A creative process whereby people modify their belief structures based on experience

A

Accommodation

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10
Q

Piaget’s 4 stages of development?

A

—Sensorimotor: begins to interact with the environment (0-2)
—Preoperational: begins to represent the world symbolically (2-6/7)
—Concrete operational: learns rules such as conservation (7-11/12)
—Formal operational: can transcend the concrete situation and think about the future (12-adulthood)

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11
Q

Preschoolers are not as egocentric as Piaget thought—they are developing _____: beliefs about how other peoples minds work

A

Theory of mind

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12
Q

What did Noam Chomsky argue for?

A

An innate universal grammar

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13
Q

True or false: acquisition of language may begin in the womb

A

True

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14
Q

What type of language are infants responsive to?

A

Infant-directed speech

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15
Q

At about 1 year, babies start saying single words, using symbolic gestures, at age 2, they use…

A

telegraphic speech

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16
Q

Lawrence Kohlberg proposed that children progress through 3 levels of moral reasoning:

A

Preconventional: avoiding punishment

Conventional: caring for others; to be viewed as a good person

Postconventional: to do the greatest good for the greatest number of people; uphold abstract moral principles

17
Q

How do many parents try to enforce moral standards?

A

Rely on power assertion, which includes:

-physical punishment
-depriving of privileges
-generally taking advantage of being bigger, stronger, smarter

This often backfires

18
Q

What is an EFFECTIVE method to get children to behave?

A

Using induction, appealing to the child’s own:

-abilities
-sense responsibility
-feeling for others

19
Q

What are 3 major parenting styles that Baumrind described?

A

Authoritative: tough but fair, establish reasonable rules, reasonable responses

Authoritarian: forceful, assert power, very strict rules and harsh punishments

Permissive: allow them do do whatever they want, no rules

**recent work has added 4th style: neglectful or uninvolved

20
Q

What do children need to learn to gain later benefits?

A

Delay gratification

It has powerful long-term effects on: health, wellbeing, emergence of conscience

21
Q

A persons sense of being a man, woman, or other

A

Gender identity

22
Q

The process of socializing children into their gender roles, reflecting society’s ideas about masculine and feminine

A

Gender typing

23
Q

Refers to a relatively enduring pattern of romantic or sexual attraction, usually characterized in terms of the gender(s) to which an individual is drawn

A

Sexual orientation

24
Q

A mental network of beliefs and expectations about what it means to be a girl or a boy

A

Gender schema

25
What happens during adrenarche?
The adrenal glands begin releasing hormones that affect brain development, notably an androgen called DHEA
26
What signals female puberty?
Menarche, the onset of menstruation
27
What are 3 kinds of problems that are more common in adolescence that during childhood or adulthood?
Conflict with parents Mood swings and depression Higher rates of recklessness, rule-breaking, and risky behaviour
28
Erikson’s proposed 8 life stages
Trust vs mistrust Autonomy vs shame & doubt Initiative vs guilt Competence vs inferiority Identity vs role confusion Intimacy vs isolation Generativity vs stagnation Ego integrity vs despair
29
Many young people between the ages of 18 to 25 are in a phase of life that some call…
emerging adulthood
30
The gradual process of cessation of menstruation and of the production of ova, begins in the late 40’s or early 50’s
Menopause
31
This parallels other biological capacities in its eventual decline
Fluid intelligence