Chapter 12: Development Flashcards
What are the motor reflexes of newborns?
Rooting
Stepping
Babinski
Grasping (palmar)
What are creative techniques that researchers use to learn about infants’ visual range
Habituation
Preferential looking
Babies do not have depth perception until…
6 months
A crucial window of time for cognitive development
Critical period
A long-lasting, intimate, and emotional bond that persists across different types of interaction and social situations
Attachment
What are styles of attachment?
Secure attachment
Insecure attachment
-anxious/ambivalent
-avoident
Disorganized
What are predictors of insecure attachment?
Abandonment and deprivation in the first years of life
Parenting that is abusive or erratic
The child’s genetic temperament
Stressful family situations
Fitting new information into the belief system you already possess
Assimilation
A creative process whereby people modify their belief structures based on experience
Accommodation
Piaget’s 4 stages of development?
—Sensorimotor: begins to interact with the environment (0-2)
—Preoperational: begins to represent the world symbolically (2-6/7)
—Concrete operational: learns rules such as conservation (7-11/12)
—Formal operational: can transcend the concrete situation and think about the future (12-adulthood)
Preschoolers are not as egocentric as Piaget thought—they are developing _____: beliefs about how other peoples minds work
Theory of mind
What did Noam Chomsky argue for?
An innate universal grammar
True or false: acquisition of language may begin in the womb
True
What type of language are infants responsive to?
Infant-directed speech
At about 1 year, babies start saying single words, using symbolic gestures, at age 2, they use…
telegraphic speech
Lawrence Kohlberg proposed that children progress through 3 levels of moral reasoning:
Preconventional: avoiding punishment
Conventional: caring for others; to be viewed as a good person
Postconventional: to do the greatest good for the greatest number of people; uphold abstract moral principles
How do many parents try to enforce moral standards?
Rely on power assertion, which includes:
-physical punishment
-depriving of privileges
-generally taking advantage of being bigger, stronger, smarter
This often backfires
What is an EFFECTIVE method to get children to behave?
Using induction, appealing to the child’s own:
-abilities
-sense responsibility
-feeling for others
What are 3 major parenting styles that Baumrind described?
Authoritative: tough but fair, establish reasonable rules, reasonable responses
Authoritarian: forceful, assert power, very strict rules and harsh punishments
Permissive: allow them do do whatever they want, no rules
**recent work has added 4th style: neglectful or uninvolved
What do children need to learn to gain later benefits?
Delay gratification
It has powerful long-term effects on: health, wellbeing, emergence of conscience
A persons sense of being a man, woman, or other
Gender identity
The process of socializing children into their gender roles, reflecting society’s ideas about masculine and feminine
Gender typing
Refers to a relatively enduring pattern of romantic or sexual attraction, usually characterized in terms of the gender(s) to which an individual is drawn
Sexual orientation
A mental network of beliefs and expectations about what it means to be a girl or a boy
Gender schema
What happens during adrenarche?
The adrenal glands begin releasing hormones that affect brain development, notably an androgen called DHEA
What signals female puberty?
Menarche, the onset of menstruation
What are 3 kinds of problems that are more common in adolescence that during childhood or adulthood?
Conflict with parents
Mood swings and depression
Higher rates of recklessness, rule-breaking, and risky behaviour
Erikson’s proposed 8 life stages
Trust vs mistrust
Autonomy vs shame & doubt
Initiative vs guilt
Competence vs inferiority
Identity vs role confusion
Intimacy vs isolation
Generativity vs stagnation
Ego integrity vs despair
Many young people between the ages of 18 to 25 are in a phase of life that some call…
emerging adulthood
The gradual process of cessation of menstruation and of the production of ova, begins in the late 40’s or early 50’s
Menopause
This parallels other biological capacities in its eventual decline
Fluid intelligence
