Chapter 7: Learning Flashcards
Classical conditioning is also known as ________ conditioning.
Pavlovian
How does classical conditioning differ from operant conditioning?
Classical: associate an involuntary response and a stimulus
dogs salivating at a bell before feeding
Operant: associate a voluntary behaviour and a consequence
rat pressing a button for food
Explain the terms:
Unconditioned stimulus
Unconditioned response
Neutral stimulus
Conditioned stimulus
Conditioned response
-US: elicits reflexive response without learning (loud noise)
-UR: reflexive unlearned reaction to US (jumping at loud noise)
-NS: does not elicit response
-CS: elicits CR due to repetitive conditioning (bell before food)
-CR: learned response to stimulus (drool)
Under this principle, a conditioned stimulus is repeatedly conditioned without the unconditioned stimulus in order to dissociate the 2 (bell without food)
Extinction
What is spontaneous recovery?
When extinction causes a conditioned response to disappear, but it comes back at a later point, which means multiple extinction trials must be done
Under this principle, a neutral stimulus can become a conditioned stimulus by being associated with an already learned conditioned stimulus
Higher-order conditioning
This may be why we associate some words with emotional responses
What is stimulus generalization?
A response that originally occurred for a specific stimulus also occurs for a different but similar stimulus (checking your phone when someone else’s rings)
What is stimulus discrimination?
Learning to respond to 1 original conditioned stimulus but not to new stimuli that may be similar (opposite of stimulus generalization)
This approach emphasizes the study of observable behaviour and the role of the environment and prior experience as determinants of behaviour
Behaviourism
Advertisers try to use this principle to associate their product with positive feelings
What is fear conditioning?
Learning that a previously neutral stimulus reliably predicts an aversive stimulus which elicits a fear response
This method serves as a faster way to achieve extinction and is commonly used to treat phobias. It associates a positive stimulus with a previously learned negative stimulus, which can counteract the negative response
Counterconditioning
What is the Garcia effect?
Food associated conditioning, wherein a person can develop an aversion to a food by having a bad experience with it
In _______ _______, a behaviour becomes more or less likely to occur depending on its consequences
operant conditioning
Responses that are generally NOT reflexive come from (classical/operant) conditioning
operant
________ causes an increased likelihood of repeated behaviour under operant conditioning, and ________ causes a decreased likelihood of repeated behaviour
Reinforcement, punishment
Explain primary and secondary reinforcement and punishment
-Primary reinforcement: natural, satisfy a biological need
-Secondary reinforcement: acquired (+$)
-Primary punishment: natural, does not satisfy a biological need
-Secondary punishment: acquired (-$)
Explain positive and negative reinforcement and punishment
-Positive reinforcement: something pleasant follows a response
-Negative reinforcement: something unpleasant is removed
-Positive punishment: something unpleasant follows a response
-Negative punishment: something pleasant is removed
Leaving a sporting event early because you want to avoid the traffic is an example of _______ learning
avoidance
Your baby brother is crying very loudly in the living room, so you go to your bedroom and close the door. This is an example of _______ learning
escape
Under operant conditioning, this signals when a response is likely to be followed by a certain type of consequence, for example, seeing a friend in a bad mood signals to you to leave them alone
Discriminative stimulus
What is the difference between shaping and chaining?
Shaping focuses on reinforcing closer and closer approximations to a single desired behaviour, whereas chaining breaks down a behaviour into specific pieces before putting them all together
Examples for the following schedules:
FIXED RATIO: reinforcement after a certain amount of responses
VARIABLE RATIO: reinforcement after an unpredictable number of responses
FIXED INTERVAL: reinforcement for responses after a fixed amount of time
VARIABLE INTERVAL: reinforcement after a varying amount of time regardless
-FR: a worker being paid for every 10 units of product they make (10:1)
-VR: casino slot machines
-FI: a weekly paycheck for working
-VI: checking for emails, which occur at unpredictable times
Give some examples of why punishment can fail
-Recipient may often respond with anxiety, fear, rage, etc.
-Often temporary effectiveness
-Usually hard to punish immediately
-If it contains little information
-Punishments may sometimes even reinforce because it brings attention
What is a preferable method for operant conditioning than just the use of punishment
Using extinction for the undesirable behaviour, or else combining any punishment with reinforcement for the desired behaviour as well
Reliance of _______ reinforcement may undermine the power of _______ reinforcement
extrinsic, intrinsic
What is the difference between extrinsic and intrinsic reward?
Intrinsic motivation comes from an internal desire to accomplish a goal, whereas extrinsic motivation comes from external rewards
You drive the same route to school every day and barely pay attention to where you are going because you learned the route a long time ago. However, a friend asks you where a building was, and you answered him before you even realized you knew the answer, because the building was on your route to school. What learning does this exemplify?
Latent learning
These types of learning theories focus on observational learning and the role played by beliefs, interpretations of events, and other cognitions determining behaviour
Social-cognitive theories
