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AP Bio > Chapter 9: The cell cycle > Flashcards

Chapter 9: The cell cycle Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

3 key roles of cell division

A

Growth, repair, asexual reproduction (not in humans though, only unicellular organisms)

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2
Q

Example of cell division growth

A

Sand dollar fertilized egg divides to form 2 cells for the embryo (then a lot more to make a sand dollar)

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3
Q

Example of cell division repair

A

Bone marrow cells divide to give rise to new blood cells (CHECK?)

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4
Q

Example of cell division reproduction

A

1 amoeba divides to become 2 amoebas (there isn’t that much to this one)

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5
Q

How many chromosomes are in a human somatic cell?

A

46

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6
Q

What is a somatic cell?

A

A body cell of an organism that isn’t a reproductive cell, so it has 2n chromosomes

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7
Q

How many chromosomes are in a prokaryotic cell?

A

1 circular chromosome

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8
Q

What is a gamete?

A

A reproductive cell that has n chromosomes (like sperm or eggs)

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9
Q

How many chromosomes in a human gamete?

A

23

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10
Q

Similarities between replicated and unreplicated chromosome (assuming that the replicated one was a later version of the unreplicated one)

A

They are both 1 chromosome
They both have genes and DNA (which is the same - same places, same information)
They both have chromatids

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11
Q

Differences between replicated and unreplicated chromosome (assuming the replicated came from the unreplicated one)

A

Sister chromatids instead of just the 1
Unreplicated has kinetochore at center, replicated has centromere
Unreplicated will not split, replicated will

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12
Q

Difference between chromatin and chromosomes

A

Chromatin - Complex of DNA and proteins that build chromosomes, loose and wiggly
Chromosomes - tight chromatin

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13
Q

Summary of how DNA divides (and I mean REALLY gloss over the stuff)

A
  1. Unduplicated chromosome
  2. Duplicates and condenses
  3. so now it’s 2 sister chromatids with a copy of the DNA
  4. and when they get separated
  5. you end up with 2 identical daughter cells.
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14
Q

If a chicken cell has 78 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will be in the gametes and how many will be in each somatic cell of the chicken’s offspring?

A

39 in gamete, 78 in offspring somatic cells

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15
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of the cytoplasm via cleavage furrow or cell plate

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16
Q

Mitosis (not pmat)

A

Division of nuclear material and DNA

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17
Q

What happens in G1?

A

Cell grows, cell structures (like lysosomes or Golgi) are duplicated, mitochondria and chloroplasts divide by binary fission

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18
Q

What happens in S phase?

A

DNA is duplicated, each chromosome has 2 copies (sister chromatids)

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19
Q

What happens in G2 phase?

A

DNA replication checked for integrity, mistakes are fixed, nuclear envelope encloses nucleus, 2 centrosomes (that contain centrioles in animal cells)

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20
Q

What happens in M phase?

A

The cell divides (prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase) and also cytokinesis is like right after this

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21
Q

What phase of the cell cycle aligns with replication? Checkpoint here

A

Between G1 and S

22
Q

What phase of the cell cycle or mitosis could be considered alignment? (not necessarily the checkpoint)

A

Metaphase

23
Q

What phase of the cell cycle or mitosis could be considered separation?

A

Anaphase

24
Q

Where are the 3 checkpoints?

A

Between G1 and S (do you have the stuff do duplicate the dna?), between G2 and M (are there any mistakes before dividing?), between Meta and Ana phase (is everything going to separate properly?)

25
Q

Cytokinesis process in animal cell

A

Cleavage furrow forms to pinch the cell in two

26
Q

Cytokinesis process in plant cell

A

Vesicles move to the middle to form a cell plate that expands to form 2 cell walls

27
Q

Summarize binary fission

A

Bacteria replicates circular chromosome, copy moves to other end of cell, cell membrane pinched inward and off, 2 daughter cells

28
Q

Prokaryote and Eukaryote cell division similarities

A

Use most of old cell wall, replicate chromosomes, divide chromosome and cytoplasm, have parent and daughter cell (yeah not much)

29
Q

Prokaryote and eukaryote cell division differences

A

Mitosis vs nah
Mitotic spindle vs nah
number of chromosomes
cleavage furrow and cell plate vs tubulin like protein pinching off cell membrane
Binary fission vs nah

30
Q

Why does skin divide a lot while nerves do not?

A

If it needs constant replacement, growth, or repair, it will divide often. A fully developed nerve doesn’t need that but skin does

31
Q

What is a cell cycle control system?

A

A set of cyclically operating molecules in the cell that triggers and coordinates key events in the cell

32
Q

What happens in G0 phase?

A

Nondividing state - cell leaves cell cycle to do its job.

33
Q

What happens in prophase?

A

Bye bye nucleus, chromosomes form (get tight)

34
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A

The chromosomes line up in the center with the help of the mitotic spindle

35
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A

The chromosomes split apart (still with the help of the mitotic spindle) so now there are 92 chromosomes in there

36
Q

What happens in telophase?

A

There are 2 nuclei now and they go to opposite ends of the cell

37
Q

T or F molecular signals in the cytoplasm regulate the cell cycle

A

True

38
Q

If your cell didn’t have the left hand chromosome and ignored the checkpoint, what could happen?

A

It divides and suddenly you have a ton of cells that don’t have the left hand chromosome so now you don’t have a left hand

39
Q

What is a cyclin?

A

A regulatory protein that changes in concentration and binds to CDK to do things and can be earned by doing tasks

40
Q

What is CDK

A

A simp
Cyclin-dependent kinase that has a fixed concentration and binds to cyclin to phosphorylate reactions and do things

41
Q

How do cyclins and cdks work together?

A

As cyclin is earned by doing tasks, it binds to CDK to form cyclin-cdk complexes. With enough of those complexes, they will be able to phosphorylate reactions around the cell like starting s phase, condensing chromosomes, and more. Without enough cyclin, those things won’t happen, and without doing tasks to perfection, there won’t be enough cyclin.

42
Q

What does MPF trigger?

A

MPF (maturation/mitosis/M phase promoting factor) triggers M phase by binding to CDK and handing phosphate tags (hot potatoes if you will) to the targets, causing them to break down. 1 specific activity = nuclear membrane breakdown, another is targeting chromosome condensation

43
Q

What would a cyclin graph FOR END OF G2 START OF M PHASE CYCLIN THERE ARE MANY KINDS look like?

A

………………../l
……………../…\
…………../……\
………../……….\
____/…………….\

Ignore periods
Stays low until built up to prepare for M phase, when there’s enough M phase happens and levels plummet

44
Q

T or F Cdk concentration changes

A

F

45
Q

T or F More growth factor (prolly hormone) = more division

A

True - more cdk and cyclin activity, more division, yes

46
Q

What is density dependent inhibition

A

Crowded cells stop dividing

47
Q

What is anchorage dependence?

A

Cells must be attached to something in order to divide (tissue, other cells, culture flask)

48
Q

T or F Cancer follows density dependent inhibition and anchorage dependence

A

False

49
Q

How does cancer keep growing?

A
  1. Ignore cell cycle checkpoints
  2. Produce own growth factor
  3. Ignore density dependent and anchorage dependence
  4. Stop at random points or just don’t
  5. Divide far more times than a normal cell should in its lifetime
50
Q

Benign vs Malignant tumor

A

Benign - Doesn’t move from og site, not likely to kill you
Malignant - Does metastasis (moves from original site (distant locations)) and hogs space in organs and squeezes you from the inside out (which is what kills you)

AP Bio (14 decks)

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