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AP Bio > Chapter 3 - Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Why is carbon a great building block for organic compounds?

A

4 valence electrons –> 4 covalent bonds –> large, complex molecules formed because they can branch off of carbon

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2
Q

What is a functional group?

A

FINISH

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3
Q

What is a carboxyl group and what does it do?

A

A carboxyl functional group is found on amino acids and donates a hydrogen ion to help dehydration synthesis occur.

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4
Q

What is an amino group and what does it do?

A

An amino group is a functional group found on amino acids and forms peptide bonds with carboxyl groups when dehydration synthesis happens.

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5
Q

How does ATP provide energy for cellular processes?

A

ATP reacts with water (undergoes hydrolysis) to form ADP, PO4 3- (phosphate), and energy. This is a reversible reaction.

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6
Q

Define Polymer and provide some examples

A

A long molecule made of lots of monomers linked by covalent bonds (which can have different names eg peptide bonds)
Amino acid chains, Polysaccharides, triglycerides, phospholipids, DNA stuff, steroids, etc

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7
Q

Define monomer and give some examples

A

a short molecule that can bond with more of the same monomers to make polymers
Monosaccharides, amino acids, glycerol, fatty acids, DNA stuff (nucleotides)

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8
Q

What happens during dehydration synthesis?

A

Water is removed from 2 monomers (or a monomer and a short polymer) (maybe h from one, oh from another) and the elements that used to be bonded to the H2O are used to bond with each other, creating a longer polymer.

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9
Q

What is another name for dehydration synthesis?

A

Condensation reaction
Think of water being removed and beading on the surface

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10
Q

What is the reaction that converts monomers into polymers called?

A

Hydrolysis (wait actually? FACT CHECK THIS)

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11
Q

T or F: In a dehydration synthesis reaction, water is removed.

A

True

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12
Q

T or F: In a hydrolysis reaction, water is removed

A

False - Water is added to break the bond

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13
Q

What is a stereoisomer?

A

Atoms bonded together in the same order but the 3d organization doesn’t have to be the same (eg glucose and galactose)

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14
Q

What is a hexose? (also what is a triose and pentose?)

A

Hexose - sugar with 6 carbons
Triose - sugar with 3 carbons
Pentose - Sugar with 5 carbons

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15
Q

What is an aldehyde/aldose?

A

An aldose is a sugar that has an aldehyde group (the carbonyl group is the last one on the chain or “outside the ribcage”) (carbonyl = C=O)

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16
Q

What is a ketone/ketose?

A

A ketose is a sugar that has the ketone/carbonyl group inside the chain/within the ribcage (carbonyl = C=O)

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17
Q

How do fructose, glucose, and galactose differ? (apart from their names)

A

They have different orientations of the atoms within the molecules

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18
Q

CH2OH
l_______O
H / H \ H
l / \ I
HO \ OH H / OH
\I________I/
H OH
Where is carbon 3?

A

. __________
/ \
/ \
\ /
\3_________/

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19
Q

CH2OH
l_______O
H / H \ H
l / \ I
HO \ OH H / OH
\I________I/
H OH
Where is carbon 5?

A

. 5 __________
/ \
/ \
\ /
\____________/

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20
Q

What is the chemical formula for glucose?

A

C6H12O6

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21
Q

What is the empirical formula for a carbohydrate?

A

C1H2O1

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22
Q

What elements are found in carbs?

A

CHO

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23
Q

What does the dehydration synthesis reaction in glucose molecules look like?

A

CH2OH CH2OH
l_______O l_______O
H / H \ H H / H \ H
l / \ I + l / \ I
HO \ OH H / OH HO \ OH H / OH
\I________I/ \I________I/
H OH H OH

CH2OH CH2OH
l_______O l_______O
H / H \ H H / H \ H
l / \ I l / \ I
HO \ OH H / —–O——-\ H / OH
\I________I/ \I________I/
H OH H OH + H2O

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24
Q

What is the role of sucrose?

A

Plants generally transport carbohydrates in the form of sucrose (disaccharide)

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25
Q

What is the role of lactose?

A

It allows mammals and poultry to synthesize b vitamins in the intestines (disaccharide)

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26
Q

How does the structure of starch determine its function?

A

Starch is branched, so it has lots of free ends available for breakdown. This makes it good for energy storage in plants.

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27
Q

How does the structure of glycogen determine its function?

A

Glycogen is super duper branched, so it has an insane number of free ends available for breakdown. This makes it good for energy storage in animals.

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28
Q

How does the structure of cellulose dictate its function?

A

Parallel cellulose molecules are grouped into microfibril units, making it strong. Being unbranched makes it even stronger. This makes it great for building plant cell walls.

29
Q

T or F: All lipids are hydrophobic and polar.

A

False - Lipids are hydrophobic and non polar. (phospholipids are an exception)

30
Q

What elements are found in most lipids? (ignore phospholipids)

A

CHO

31
Q

How does the number of CHO differ between carbs and lipids?

A

there’s a lot less oxygen in lipids

32
Q

What are the monomers of fats?

A

glycerol and fatty acidsq

33
Q

Why does saturated fatty acid solidify at room temperature?

A

It doesn’t have any double bonds between carbons, so there isn’t a kink. This allows them to pack together tightly enough to solidify at room temperature.

34
Q

Why doesn’t unsaturated fatty acid solidify at room temperature?

A

It has a double bond between two of the carbons in the middle of the ribcage, forming a kink that doesn’t allow them to pack together tightly enough to solidify at room temperature.

35
Q

With triglycerides, how many water molecules are removed to form it?

A

3 - one for each fatty acid

36
Q

What are some important functions of fats in our body? (not phospholipids)

A

Insulation, long term energy storage, organ protection

37
Q

Oo8======== Label the phospholipid

A

O - Choline
o - Phosphate group
8 - Glycerol (all 3 combined make hydrophilic head)
===== - fatty acid chains (hydrophobic)

38
Q

Why does the cell membrane have a phospholipid bilayer?

A

The hydrophilic heads on either side interact with/defend against the aqueous solutions inside and outside the cell while making sure it doesn’t repel everything.
The hydrophobic tails inside create a barrier between the cell and external environment so it doesn’t dissolve.
Both of these create a semipermeable membrane which allows the cells to control what goes in and out.

39
Q

T or F: Phospholipids are amphipathic

A

True - they have both a hydrophilic and hydrophobic region

40
Q

T or F: Polar molecules are able to pass through the phospholipid membrane most easily.

A

False - nonpolar molecules can do it more easily because they aren’t hydrophilic. Hydrophilic polar molecules get repelled by the hydrophobic tails. Ions also have a hard time.

41
Q

T or F: Large molecules are able to pass through the phospholipid membrane most easily.

A

False - It takes longer for them because they have to squeeze

42
Q

What makes steroids similar to other lipids

A

They’re hydrophobic, insoluble in water, contain CHO, are used in cell membranes, and have carbon backbones.

43
Q

What makes steroids different from other lipids?q

A

They’re structured in rings instead of jellyfish (glycerol with fatty acid tails)

44
Q

What are some examples of steroids?

A

Estrogen, testosterone, cortisol, aldosterone

45
Q

What elements make up proteins?

A

CHONS

46
Q

What are protein monomers?

A

amino acids

47
Q

H R
| |
H - N - C - C - OH
| ll
H O
What are each of the components in an amino acid?

A

H-N-H - Amino group
O=C-OH - Carboxyl group
Above two groups donate a H and an OH to make water during dehydration synthesis
C - Central carbon
H - hydrogen
R - rest of the amino acid

48
Q

when amino acids undergo dehydration synthesis, what kind of bonds do they form?

A

peptide bonds

49
Q

What are the four levels of protein structure?

A

Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

50
Q

what does a primary protein structure look like?

A

linear chain of amino acids

51
Q

what does a secondary protein structure look like?

A

alpha helix - single helix/coil made of a polypeptide chain
beta pleated sheet - 2+ segments of the polypeptide chain lying side by side (and kinda folded because it’s pleated)

52
Q

what does a tertiary protein structure look like?

A

a 3d shape composed of alpha helices and beta pleats that interact with each other (it can have sections that are stringlike)

53
Q

what does a quaternary protein structure look like?

A

multiple 3d tertiary structures combined into one macromolecule

54
Q

what bonds hold primary protein structures together?

A

peptide bonds between amino acids

55
Q

what bonds hold secondary protein structures (aside from the ones already in primary structures)

A

hydrogen bonds between the atoms of the polypeptide backbone

56
Q

what bonds hold tertiary protein structures together? (aside from the ones already in primary and secondary structures)

A

tHrIVeD
Hydrogen bonds (more)
Ionic bonds
Van Der Waals interactions (and hydrophobic interactions)
Disulfide bridges

57
Q

what bonds hold quaternary protein structures together? (aside from the ones already in primary, tertiary, secondary structures)

A

Trick question
It’s pretty much just the same as tertiary structures

58
Q

how does protein structure impact function?

A

the function depends on how well proteins can recognize and bond to other molecules (eg enzymes and antibodies), and that depends on the shape.

59
Q

how could a mutation in DNA that impacted protein structure affect their function?

A

mutate the right part - doesn’t really do anything
mutate the wrong part - won’t form the right bonds or recognize other stuff properly and it will break

60
Q

how does a mutation in the primary structure cause sickle cell anemia?

A

changing 1 amino acid affects the quaternary structure, and the shape changes. this means that sickle cell affected hemoglobin forms bonds with other sickle cells and then your blood gets clumpy so ofc less oxygen and stuff transported

61
Q

what is denaturation?

A

Denaturation occurs when a protein unravels and loses its native shape due to environmental factor(s). Bonds are broken.

62
Q

What environmental factors cause denaturation?

A

PH (too high or low)
Salinity
temperature
more but dw abt it

63
Q

What do covalent bonds in DNA do?

A

They hold together bases, sugars, and phosphate groups strongly

64
Q

What do hydrogen bonds in DNA do?

A

They hold together complimentary bases and give the DNA its double helix structure.

65
Q

How does the structure of DNA relate to its function?

A

Length - Dna can include many genes.
Double helix - 2 complimentary strands –> generates 2 identical copies of each DNA molecule in a cell preparing to divide –> copies given to daughter cells –> genetic info passed on –> identical to parent cells

66
Q

What are some features of both DNA and RNA?

A

They both have base pairing that occurs between 2 strands and base pairings of G and C and pentose sugars

67
Q

What are some features of DNA but not RNA?

A

Double helix with 2 antiparallel strands, A pairs with T, Deoxiribose sugar

68
Q

What are some features of RNA but not DNA?

A

Single strands, Base pairings can occur in the same strand, A pairs with U, Ribose sugar

69
Q

What role does water play in the formation and breakdown of molecules?

A

keeps bonds from being made - room for jesus (as seen in dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis)

AP Bio (14 decks)

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