Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP Bio > Chapter 10, 11.1 and 12.4 - Meiosis and Chromosome Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 10, 11.1 and 12.4 - Meiosis and Chromosome Disorders Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define gene

A

Unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA in some viruses)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define Gametes

A

Haploid reproductive cells formed by meiosis or descended from meiosis-formed cells (like eggs & sperm). They unite in sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define locus

A

Specific place along the length of a chromosome where any given gene is (LOCation = LOCus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define somatic cell

A

Any cell in the body of a multicellular organism EXCEPT gametes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Asexual vs sexual reproduction DIFFERENCES

A

Ace - 1 individual is sole parent, all genes passed down, produces clone, can involve prokaryotes
Ce (i’m clever aren’t i) - 2 parents, unique mixed gene combo, no clone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Asexual and sexual reproduction SIMILARITIES

A

Parent(s) pass down genetic information, can involve eukaryotes, more beings made

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How does a hydra do asexual reproduction? (it’s a real thing not the mythological beast although that’s probably where it came from)

A

Budding - grows a mass of mitotically dividing cells that become a small hydra and detach from the parent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How do redwoods do asexual reproduction?

A

Umm… idk but they all come from a single parent tree… (:>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What type of reproduction will give you clones?

A

Asexual unless mutated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a life cycle in a genetic sense?

A

A generation to generation sequence of stages in the reproductive history of an organism.
- During meiosis, a cell with the diploid number of chromosomes splits
- It becomes a gamete with the haploid number of chromosomes
- It stays that way until fertilized - then it becomes a zygote with the diploid number

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

A pair of chromosomes with the same length, centromere position, staining pattern, and type of genes at the same loci (the information might not be the same, so they aren’t truly identical and they’re not sisters). 1 chromosome comes from each parent to make up the pair.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How many chromosomes does each human cell have, and how many homologous pairs?

A

46 in somatic cells, 23 in gametes, 23 homologous pairs in somatic cells (gametes don’t have those)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a sex chromosome?

A

X and y chromosomes - X is big and y is small and they have info not found on the other and they determine sex and also x or y linked traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How many sex chromosomes in human somatic cell?

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is an autosome?

A

Chromosomes that determine pretty much everything but sex and x and y linked traits. They pair up.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How many autosomes in a human somatic cell?

A

44

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

A display of condensed chromosomes arranged in pairs to screen for defective or abnormal chromosome numbers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Process of a karyotype creation

A

somatic cell –> drug –> mitosis –> stop it at metaphase –> stain –> use a microscope and a camera and some software to organize –> you get to see the karyotype!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

In which phase of the cell cycle are chromosomes removed from a cell when making a karyotype? Why then?

A

Metaphase because that’s when the chromosomes are the most condensed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

3 things that can be determined from a karyotype

A
  1. Defective chromosomes
  2. Abnormal # of chromosomes
  3. Sex (if you didn’t know that already)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Hap or dip: Liver cell

A

Dip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Hap or dip: Egg

A

Hap

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Hap or dip: Skin cell

A

Dip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Hap or dip: Gamete

A

Hap

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Hap or dip: Zygote

A

Dip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Hap or dip: Sperm

A

Hap

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Hap or dip: Somatic cell

A

Dip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Hap or dip: Sex cell

A

Hap

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

T or F: Homologous chromosomes are connected between interphase and meiosis 1

A

False, they’re floating around with their sisters but not their homologous partner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

ll || || ll
How many chromosomes in this cell? How many homologous pairs? How many chromatids?

A

4 chromosomes, 2 homologous pairs, 8 chromatids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is a zygote?

A

A fertilized egg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Meiosis purpose

A

Divide a diploid cell into 4 haploid gametes (you duplicate to get 4n then go back to 2n then just n) that can be fertilized and used in sexual reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Meiosis vs fertilization (use your thinking brain :D)

A

Meiosis is the division from 2n in one cell to 4n in 4 cells, fertilization adds another n to gametes to get 2n

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is an allele?

A

Alternative versions of a gene that may have different effects - for example, an allele for freckles and a homologous chromosome with an allele for no freckles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What happens during meiosis interphase? (SUMMARY)

A

The pair of homologous chromosomes duplicate (4n total)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What happens during Meiosis 1? (SUMMARY)

A

Duplicated chromosomes cross over, homologs separate (2n in 2 cells, haploid but with 2x the same info)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What happens during Meiosis 2? (SUMMARY)

A

Sister chromatids separate (1n in 4 cells)

38
Q

Summarize prophase 1 of meiosis

A

Chromosomes condense, cross over at chiasmata, microtubules attach to kinetochores and homologous pairs to move them into the metaphase plate (though that last part gets into metaphase 1)
~~~~~~~~ –> –
——–;;-;;——-

39
Q

What is crossing over?

A

Crossing over is when DNA molecules of nonsister (homologous) chromatids are broken by proteins and rejoined together. This exchange of genes and mixed up DNA increases genetic variability
\/ \/ –> \ X /
/\ /\ / X \ —> Now they separate and are mixed up :)

40
Q

What is the Chiasma (plural chiasmata)

A

Where the chromosomes intersect (unless textbook was lying and so was google) (a certain someone misled me and I’m salty)

41
Q

What is the synapsis/synaptonemal complex?

A

The pairing of one duplicated chromosome to its homolog in a zipper-like structure composed of proteins ___________
……………VVVVVVVVV
……………—————-

42
Q

How is chromosome arrangement in metaphase 1 different from metaphase in mitosis?

A

INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT and homologous chromosomes lined up at metaphase plate like ::::::: instead of ………

43
Q

What separates in the first division in meiosis 1?

A

Homologous chromosomes (that have crossed over and independently assorted)

44
Q

If a cell with 12 chromatids undergoes meiosis 1, how many chromosomes will be in each cell at the end of the first meiotic division?

A

3
ll ll ll

45
Q

Are the daughter cells of meiosis 1 haploid or diploid?

A

2 haploid cells with duplicated information

46
Q

What separates during meiosis 2?

A

Sister chromatids

47
Q

End result of meiosis 2

A

4 daughter cells that are haploid with unduplicated chromosomes

48
Q

How many divisions occur in meiosis?

A

2

49
Q

What happens to chromosome number in meiosis

A

divides in half

50
Q

during which division is chromosome number reduced

A

Meiosis 1 (from 2x2n to 2xn and then you just get n but l and ll are both chromosomes)

51
Q

How many times do chromosomes duplicate in meiosis?

A

1

52
Q

What 3 things are unique to meiosis (not incl. having 4 daughters or making gametes)?

A

Synapsis and crossing over (sis chromatids connected by cohesions align lengthwise and nonsis chromatids are broken. Synap. complex forms to attach homologs, dna breaks close up, synap. complex breaks but homologs stay attached (somewhat) and condense) (sarah I am so sorry)
Alignment of homologous chromosomes (independent assortment)
separation of homologs (gives duplicated sister chromatids that are still attached)

53
Q

Role of mitosis vs role of meiosis

A

mitosis grows and repairs and allows for asexual reproduction, meiosis makes gametes

54
Q

T or F: same number of dna replications in mitosis and meiosis

A

True - 1

55
Q

What is independent assortment?

A

2+ genes can assort independently - each pair of alleles segregates independently of any other pair during gamete formation
A B C or A C B
A B C A C B
(is this card redundant? yes. Do I care? absolutely not.)

56
Q

How can independent assortment lead to variation?

A

alleles combine randomly - exponentially many combinations and variation

57
Q

Pic of how it works

A

AA BB
AA BB
. |
v
AA | BB
AA | BB
|
v
|AA | AA | BB | BB|

AA BB
BB AA
|
v
AA | BB
BB | AA
|
V
|AB | AB | BA | BA|

58
Q

how does crossing over increase genetic variety?

A

produces recombinant chromosomes with different genes from 2 different parents

59
Q

How does random fertilization lead to variety in a population?

A

Random gametes fertilize other random gametes to make random zygotes for EVEN MORE potential combinations

60
Q

why is genetic variation important in a population regarding evolution and survival

A

Leads to helpful mutations to increase survival odds and those get passed down

61
Q

What is the name of the cell that divides and makes sperm? Hap or dip?

A

Spermatogonial stem cell - dip (hap is not possible)

62
Q

AAAAAAAAaaaaaaaaaaaAAAAAAAaaaaaaAAAAAAAAAaaaaaaaaaaaaaAAAAAAAAAaaaaaaaaaaaa

A

OOOOOOOOOOOOooooooooooooooooOOOOOOOooooooooOOOOOOOooooooooooOOOOOoo

63
Q

Where does spermatogenesis occur?

A

seminiferous tubule in testes

64
Q

how many viable sperm produced at the end of meiosis 2?

A

2

65
Q

how many chromosomes in each sperm? What other organelle is in it?

A

23, acrosome (maybe - might not be acrosome)

66
Q

At birth how many eggs in female ovaries?

A

1-2 million (i think)

67
Q

What phase are a 5-year-old’s eggs in?

A

Prophase 1 - they mature starting at puberty

68
Q

What does FSH (follicle signaling hormone) do in oogenesis?

A

Stimulates a few follicles to resume growth and development

69
Q

How many eggs produced after meiosis 2?

A

1 (and a few polar bodies that are insignificant)

70
Q

If you’re looking at a woman’s polar bodies, can you tell if she has a mutation for a disease gene in her egg?

A

Yes…? because sister chromatids are identical……? Unless homologous chromosomes had nothing and that formed a polar body but is that even a thing???? I DON’T KNOW I’M SORRY

71
Q

What is nondisjunction?

A

When the chromosomes don’t split right, leaving too many in one cell and too few in another

72
Q

What happens if nondisjunction happens during Meiosis 1?

A

all 4 daughters have defects - 2 with triosmy, 2 with monosmy

73
Q

What happens if nondisjunction happens during Meiosis 2?

A

2 daughter cells have defects - 1 triosmy, 1 monosmy

74
Q

Which is worse - meiosis 1 or 2 nondisjunction

A

1 bc you mess up 4 gametes instead of 2

75
Q

What is aneuploidy?

A

A chromosomal defect where there’s an abnormal number of 1 or more chromosome(s)

76
Q

What is monosmy?

A

Missing a chromosome (n-1 in the cell)

77
Q

What is triosmy?

A

Extra copy of chromosome (n+1 in the cell)

78
Q

What is polyploidy?

A

Having more than 2 complete chromosome sets in all somatic cells

79
Q

What is down syndrome? How do you test for it prenatally?

A

Extra chromosome 21 - leads to facial features, short statures, heart defects, and developmental delays, but you can be alive with it. Use amniocentesis (test amniotic fluid) to look at their chromosomes and see if they have it

80
Q

What is Klinefelter Syndrome?

A

XXY (nondisjunction caused that) - make sex organs, sterile, some female body characteristics

81
Q

What is Turner syndrome?

A

Monosmy X (caused by nondisjunction) - just 1 x chromosome - female, no sex organs develop (unless you do estrogen replacement therapy)

82
Q

What is Triosmy X?

A

XXX - female, slightly taller than average, fertile, can be at risk for learning disabilities

83
Q

What is Cri du Chat?

A

Deletion in chromosome 5 - intellectually disabled, smaller head, unusual cry, usually die very young

84
Q

What is chronic myelogenous leukemia?

A

Tips of chromosomes 9 and 22 switch (how did they manage that?) - the fused gene leads to uncontrolled cell cycle progression

85
Q

What is deletion and how does it alter chromosome structure?

A

Chromosomal fragment is lost - organism missing certain genes (often lethal)

86
Q

What is duplication and how does it alter chromosome structure?

A

broken fragment may get reattached as an extra segment to a sister or nonsister chromosome - now another cell doesn’t have genes and this one has too many

87
Q

What is inversion and how does it alter chromosome structure?

A

Chromosomal fragments reattach in reverse orientation - gene expression is messed up

88
Q

What is translocation and how does it alter chromosome structure?

A

Fragment joins a nonhomologous chromosome (may or may not be reciprocated) - gene expression messed up

89
Q

T or F: A person with XXY is male

A

True

90
Q

T or F: A person with only X is female

A

True

91
Q

What is triosmy 18 called?

A

Edward’s syndrome

AP Bio (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions