CHAPTER 9 TEST REVIEW

Question 1

3 common types of fibrous joints (characteristics)

Answer 1

Gomphoses
Sutures
Syndesmoses

Characteristics of fibrous joints
* Connected by dense regular connective tissue
* Have no joint cavity
* Immobile or only slightly mobile

Question 2

structural classes of joints (define)

Answer 2

Fibrous joint
* Bones held together by dense connective tissue
Cartilaginous joint
* Bones joined by cartilage
Synovial joint
* Bones joined by ligaments with fluid-filled joint cavity separating
bone surfaces

Question 3

functional classes of joints (define)

Answer 3

Synarthroses
* Immobile joints
* Can be fibrous or cartilaginous joints
Amphiarthroses
* Slightly mobile joints
* Can be fibrous or cartilaginous joints
Diarthroses
* Freely mobile joints
* All synovial joints

Question 4

Clinical View: Costochondritis

Answer 4

Costochondritis
* Inflammation of the costochondral joints
* Localized chest pain
* Cause usually unknown (trauma or infection)
* May be mistaken for pain from a myocardial infarction
* Treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Question 5

characteristics of synovial joints

Answer 5

Bones separated by a joint cavity
* Include most joints in the body
* Diarthroses (freely mobile)

All with several basic features:
* Articular capsule and joint cavity
* Synovial fluid
* Articular cartilage
* Ligaments, nerves, and blood vessels

Question 6

extrinsic/intrinsic ligaments

Answer 6

Extrinsic ligaments
* Physically separate from articular capsule

intrinsic ligaments
* Thickening of the articular capsule itself
* Include ligaments outside and within the articular capsule

Question 7

bursae

Answer 7

Fibrous, saclike structures containing synovial fluid
* Lined internally by synovial membrane
* Found in synovial joints where bones, ligaments, muscles,
skin, or tendons rub together
* Connected to or separate from joint cavity
* Alleviate friction

Question 8

classification of synovial joints (movement) —-define

Answer 8

Uniaxial joint
* Bone moves in just one plane or axis
Biaxial joint
* Bone moves in two planes or axes
Multiaxial joint
* Bone moves in multiple planes or axes

Question 9

classes of synovial joints (shape of joint surfaces—movement)

Answer 9

Classes by shape of joint surfaces, listed from least mobile to
most freely mobile:
* Plane joints
* Hinge joints
* Pivot joints
* Condylar joints
* Saddle joints
* Ball-and-socket joints

Question 10

4 types of motion @ synovial joints/characteristics

Answer 10

Gliding
* Angular
* Rotational
* Special movements
* Motions that occur only at specific joints

Question 11

define specific types of angular motions

Answer 11

Flexion - Decreases the angle between bones: brings bones closer
together
extension - Increases angle between articulating bones
Hyperextension - Extension beyond normal range of motion
Lateral flexion - Trunk of body moving in coronal plane laterally
* Abduction - Lateral movement of body part away from midline
and adduction - Medial movement of body part toward midline
* Circumduction -Movement makes an
imaginary cone shape

Question 12

2 ligaments of the TMJ

Answer 12

Sphenomandibular ligament
* Extends anteriorly and inferiorly from sphenoid to mandible
Temporomandibular ligament
* Extends inferiorly and posteriorly from articular tubercle to mandible

Question 13

Clinical View: TMJ Disorders

Answer 13

Most common due to alteration in the ligaments securing
the joint
* Articular disc forced out of normal position
* Clicking or popping heard as person opens or closes
mouth
* Possible pain in joint, paranasal sinuses, tympanic
membrane, oral cavity, eyes, and teeth

Question 14

4 rotator cuff muscles

Answer 14

Subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor

Question 15

3 ligaments that stabilize the elbow joint

Answer 15

Radial collateral ligament
Ulnar collateral ligament
Annular ligament

Question 16

subluxation (define)

Answer 16

refers to incomplete dislocation

Question 17

Clinical View: Ankle Sprains and Pott Fractures

Answer 17

Sprain
* Stretching or tearing of ligaments without fracture or
dislocation
* Results from twisting foot, usually over inversion
* Fibers of lateral ligament stretched or torn
* Localized swelling and tenderness anteroinferior to lateral
malleolus

Pott fracture
* Occurs with over eversion
* Medial malleolus avulsed off of tibia (fracture)
* Talus moves laterally and fractures fibula

Question 18

Clinical View: Arthritis

Answer 18

Arthritis
* Group of inflammatory or degenerative diseases of the joints
* Symptoms of joint swelling, pain, and stiffness
Gouty arthritis
* Typically seen in middle-aged or older males
* Due to increased levels of uric acid
Osteoarthritis
* Degenerative joint condition in older individuals
* Due to wearing down of articular cartilage
* Fingers, knuckles, hips, knees, and shoulders most affected
Rheumatoid arthritis
* Seen in younger to middle-aged adults, often women
* Autoimmune disorder
* Starts with synovial membrane inflammation

Question 19

define the following: medial/lateral meniscus

Answer 19

Deep to articular capsule within knee joint
* C-shaped fibrocartilage pads on top of tibial condyles
* Cushioning between articular surfaces
* Change shape to conform to articulating surfaces
* Partially stabilize joint medially and laterally.

Question 20

define the following: cruciate ligament

Answer 20

Cruciate ligaments—cross each other

Question 21

define the following: ACL/PCL

Answer 21

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
* Extends from posterior femur to anterior tibia
* Prevents hyperextension and anterior displacement of tibia

Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
* Extends from anteroinferior femur to posterior tibia
* Prevents hyperflexion and posterior displacement of tibia