CHAPTER 9 TEST REVIEW Flashcards
3 common types of fibrous joints (characteristics)
Gomphoses
Sutures
Syndesmoses
Characteristics of fibrous joints
* Connected by dense regular connective tissue
* Have no joint cavity
* Immobile or only slightly mobile
structural classes of joints (define)
Fibrous joint
* Bones held together by dense connective tissue
Cartilaginous joint
* Bones joined by cartilage
Synovial joint
* Bones joined by ligaments with fluid-filled joint cavity separating
bone surfaces
functional classes of joints (define)
Synarthroses
* Immobile joints
* Can be fibrous or cartilaginous joints
Amphiarthroses
* Slightly mobile joints
* Can be fibrous or cartilaginous joints
Diarthroses
* Freely mobile joints
* All synovial joints
Clinical View: Costochondritis
Costochondritis
* Inflammation of the costochondral joints
* Localized chest pain
* Cause usually unknown (trauma or infection)
* May be mistaken for pain from a myocardial infarction
* Treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
characteristics of synovial joints
Bones separated by a joint cavity
* Include most joints in the body
* Diarthroses (freely mobile)
All with several basic features:
* Articular capsule and joint cavity
* Synovial fluid
* Articular cartilage
* Ligaments, nerves, and blood vessels
extrinsic/intrinsic ligaments
Extrinsic ligaments
* Physically separate from articular capsule
intrinsic ligaments
* Thickening of the articular capsule itself
* Include ligaments outside and within the articular capsule
bursae
Fibrous, saclike structures containing synovial fluid
* Lined internally by synovial membrane
* Found in synovial joints where bones, ligaments, muscles,
skin, or tendons rub together
* Connected to or separate from joint cavity
* Alleviate friction
classification of synovial joints (movement) —-define
Uniaxial joint
* Bone moves in just one plane or axis
Biaxial joint
* Bone moves in two planes or axes
Multiaxial joint
* Bone moves in multiple planes or axes
classes of synovial joints (shape of joint surfaces—movement)
Classes by shape of joint surfaces, listed from least mobile to
most freely mobile:
* Plane joints
* Hinge joints
* Pivot joints
* Condylar joints
* Saddle joints
* Ball-and-socket joints
4 types of motion @ synovial joints/characteristics
Gliding
* Angular
* Rotational
* Special movements
* Motions that occur only at specific joints
define specific types of angular motions
Flexion - Decreases the angle between bones: brings bones closer
together
extension - Increases angle between articulating bones
Hyperextension - Extension beyond normal range of motion
Lateral flexion - Trunk of body moving in coronal plane laterally
* Abduction - Lateral movement of body part away from midline
and adduction - Medial movement of body part toward midline
* Circumduction -Movement makes an
imaginary cone shape
2 ligaments of the TMJ
Sphenomandibular ligament
* Extends anteriorly and inferiorly from sphenoid to mandible
Temporomandibular ligament
* Extends inferiorly and posteriorly from articular tubercle to mandible
Clinical View: TMJ Disorders
Most common due to alteration in the ligaments securing
the joint
* Articular disc forced out of normal position
* Clicking or popping heard as person opens or closes
mouth
* Possible pain in joint, paranasal sinuses, tympanic
membrane, oral cavity, eyes, and teeth
4 rotator cuff muscles
Subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor
3 ligaments that stabilize the elbow joint
Radial collateral ligament
Ulnar collateral ligament
Annular ligament
subluxation (define)
refers to incomplete dislocation
Clinical View: Ankle Sprains and Pott Fractures
Sprain
* Stretching or tearing of ligaments without fracture or
dislocation
* Results from twisting foot, usually over inversion
* Fibers of lateral ligament stretched or torn
* Localized swelling and tenderness anteroinferior to lateral
malleolus
Pott fracture
* Occurs with over eversion
* Medial malleolus avulsed off of tibia (fracture)
* Talus moves laterally and fractures fibula
Clinical View: Arthritis
Arthritis
* Group of inflammatory or degenerative diseases of the joints
* Symptoms of joint swelling, pain, and stiffness
Gouty arthritis
* Typically seen in middle-aged or older males
* Due to increased levels of uric acid
Osteoarthritis
* Degenerative joint condition in older individuals
* Due to wearing down of articular cartilage
* Fingers, knuckles, hips, knees, and shoulders most affected
Rheumatoid arthritis
* Seen in younger to middle-aged adults, often women
* Autoimmune disorder
* Starts with synovial membrane inflammation
define the following: medial/lateral meniscus
Deep to articular capsule within knee joint
* C-shaped fibrocartilage pads on top of tibial condyles
* Cushioning between articular surfaces
* Change shape to conform to articulating surfaces
* Partially stabilize joint medially and laterally.
define the following: cruciate ligament
Cruciate ligaments—cross each other
define the following: ACL/PCL
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
* Extends from posterior femur to anterior tibia
* Prevents hyperextension and anterior displacement of tibia
Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
* Extends from anteroinferior femur to posterior tibia
* Prevents hyperflexion and posterior displacement of tibia
