CHAPTER 11 TEST REVIEW Flashcards
what is the Name of all cranial nerves
olfactory
optic
oculomotor
trochlear
trigeminal
abducens
facial
auditory/vestibular
glossopharyngeal
vagus
accessory
hypoglossal
aponeurosis
thin, flattened sheetlike tendon
examples (circular, parallel, convergent)
circlar- orburirs oris
parallel- retcus abdomins
convergent- pectoral major
criteria for naming skeletal muscles
Muscle action
Specific body regions
Muscle attachments
Orientation of muscle fibers
muscle size
Muscle shape
Number of muscle heads at an attachment site
Clinical View: Intramuscular Injections
One route of medication administration
* May be inserted into muscle with a syringe
* Medication to cardiovascular system through muscle’s
blood vessels
* Allows large amount of medication given at once
* Ensures slower and more uniform delivery than orally or
intravenously
* E.g., vaccines, some contraceptive medications, some
antibiotics
* Common sites: deltoid, gluteal, quadriceps
Clinical View: Idiopathic Facial Nerve Paralysis
(Bell Palsy)
May be without known cause (idiopathic)
Also known as Bell palsy
Facial nerve inflamed and compressed
* Muscles on same side paralyzed
Prednisone often used to reduce swelling
Level and timing of recovery varies
Clinical View: Congenital Muscular Torticollis
Newborn with shortened sternocleidomastoid
May persist into childhood
From birth trauma or prenatal position
Head tilts to affected side and chin to unaffected side
Treatments include
* Physical therapy
* Botulinum toxin, which impairs contraction of affected
muscle
Fig. 11.6—muscles of facial expression
depressor anguli oris- frown
orbicularis oris- close mouth/kiss
orbicularis oculi- blink/close eyes
frontal belly of occipitofrontails- wrinkle forehead, raise eyebrows
zygomaticus major- smile
platysma - tense skin of neck
extrinsic eye muscles (actions, cranial nerve innervation)
Medial rectus
* Innervated by CN III (oculomotor)
Lateral rectus
* Innervated by CN VI (abducens)
Inferior rectus
* Innervated by CN III (oculomotor)
Superior rectus
* Innervated by CN III (oculomotor)
Inferior oblique
* Innervated by CN III (oculomotor)
Superior oblique
* Innervated by CN IV (trochlear)
4 muscles of mastication (innervation)
All four are innervated by CN V (trigeminal)
* Temporalis
* Masseter
* Medial and lateral pterygoid
extrinsic muscles of the tongue (functions, innervation)
Most are innervated by CN XII, hypoglossal nerve
* Extrinsic muscles are paired, and they include:
* Genioglossus – protract tongue
* Styloglossus – elevate and retract tongue
* Hyoglossus – depress and retract tongue
* Palatoglossus – elevate posterior part of tongue
3 muscles of the pharynx (innervation)
superior, middle, and inferior pharyngeal constrictor
muscles
* Innervated by CN X (vagus)
anterolateral neck muscles
Sternocleidomastoid
Anterior, middle, and posterior scalene muscles
posterior neck muscles
Splenius capitis, splenius cervicis, semispinalis capitis,
longissimus capitis
inspiration/expiration (thoracic cage)
During inspiration (inhalation)
* Several muscles contract to increase the size of the thoracic cavity,
allowing lungs to fill with air
During expiration (exhalation)
* Some respiratory muscles contract and others relax, decreasing the
size of the thoracic cavity and forcing air out of lungs
muscles of respiration
Serratus posterior superior
Serratus posterior inferior
Scalene muscles
External intercostals
Internal intercostals
Transversus thoracis
Diaphragm
muscles of the abdominal wall
External oblique
Internal oblique
Transversus abdominis
Rectus abdominis
Clinical View: Hernias
Portion of viscera protrudes through weak point of abdominal
wall
Inguinal hernia
* Loop of small intestine protrudes through superficial
inguinal ring
* More likely to occur in males since their inguinal canals
are larger to accommodate spermatic cord
* High abdominal pressure (for example, straining to lift
something heavy) can push intestine into canal
* Physicians test for it by palpating inguinal ring while
patient coughs (cough raises abdominal pressure)
Clinical View: Rotator Cuff Injuries
Result of trauma or disease
* Can be caused by repetitive use
* Can be caused by falling on the shoulder or lifting too
heavy of an object
* Supraspinatus most commonly involved
* Symptoms are swelling, tenderness, and pain with
movement
* Especially common in baseball players
* May require physical therapy or surgical repair
Clinical View: Lateral Epicondylitis
Also known as tennis elbow
* From trauma or overuse of common extensor tendon of
posterior forearm muscles
* Pain at lateral epicondyle of humerus, tendon’s attachment
site
* Often results from repeated forceful contraction of forearm
extensors
Clinical View: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Carpal tunnel
* Space between carpal bones and flexor retinaculum
Flexor tendons extending through tunnel
Median nerve extending through tunnel
Syndrome caused by compression of nerve
Characterized by pain and “pins and needles” (paresthesia)
Clinical View: Thigh Muscle Injuries
Groin strain (groin pull, pulled groin)
* Tearing, stretching, straining proximal attachments of medial muscles
of thigh (for example, adductor muscles, gracilis)
* Typically occurs if muscles contract too suddenly, forcefully
* For example, jumping, kicking, change direction while running
Strained or pulled hamstring
* Hamstring tendons avulsed (torn away) during quick starts/stops, fast
running, sudden lateral/medial stress to knee joint
Prevention by doing dynamic warm-up prior to exercise,
static stretching after exercise
Clinical View: Shin Splints and Compartment Syndrome
Shin splints
* Soreness along length of tibia
* Often occur in new poorly conditioned runners
* May be considered a type of compartment syndrome
Compartment syndrome
* Compression of blood vessels within a limb compartment
* Due to inflammation and swelling secondary to strain or trauma
* Increased pressure in compartment since deep fascia cannot
stretch
* In severe cases, fascia cut to relieve pressure
Clinical View: Plantar Fasciitis
Inflammation of the plantar aponeurosis
Associated with overexertion that stresses the fascia
* For example, weight bearing activities, excessive body
weight, poor shoes, poor biomechanics
