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Biology 2401 Anatomy and physiology > CHAPTER 11 TEST REVIEW > Flashcards

CHAPTER 11 TEST REVIEW Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the Name of all cranial nerves

A

olfactory
optic
oculomotor
trochlear
trigeminal
abducens
facial
auditory/vestibular
glossopharyngeal
vagus
accessory
hypoglossal

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2
Q

aponeurosis

A

thin, flattened sheetlike tendon

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3
Q

examples (circular, parallel, convergent)

A

circlar- orburirs oris
parallel- retcus abdomins
convergent- pectoral major

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4
Q

criteria for naming skeletal muscles

A

Muscle action
Specific body regions
Muscle attachments
Orientation of muscle fibers
muscle size
Muscle shape
Number of muscle heads at an attachment site

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5
Q

Clinical View: Intramuscular Injections

A

One route of medication administration
* May be inserted into muscle with a syringe
* Medication to cardiovascular system through muscle’s
blood vessels
* Allows large amount of medication given at once
* Ensures slower and more uniform delivery than orally or
intravenously
* E.g., vaccines, some contraceptive medications, some
antibiotics
* Common sites: deltoid, gluteal, quadriceps

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6
Q

Clinical View: Idiopathic Facial Nerve Paralysis
(Bell Palsy)

A

May be without known cause (idiopathic)
Also known as Bell palsy
Facial nerve inflamed and compressed
* Muscles on same side paralyzed
Prednisone often used to reduce swelling
Level and timing of recovery varies

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7
Q

Clinical View: Congenital Muscular Torticollis

A

Newborn with shortened sternocleidomastoid
May persist into childhood
From birth trauma or prenatal position
Head tilts to affected side and chin to unaffected side
Treatments include
* Physical therapy
* Botulinum toxin, which impairs contraction of affected
muscle

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8
Q

Fig. 11.6—muscles of facial expression

A

depressor anguli oris- frown
orbicularis oris- close mouth/kiss
orbicularis oculi- blink/close eyes
frontal belly of occipitofrontails- wrinkle forehead, raise eyebrows
zygomaticus major- smile
platysma - tense skin of neck

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9
Q

extrinsic eye muscles (actions, cranial nerve innervation)

A

Medial rectus
* Innervated by CN III (oculomotor)
Lateral rectus
* Innervated by CN VI (abducens)
Inferior rectus
* Innervated by CN III (oculomotor)
Superior rectus
* Innervated by CN III (oculomotor)
Inferior oblique
* Innervated by CN III (oculomotor)
Superior oblique
* Innervated by CN IV (trochlear)

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10
Q

4 muscles of mastication (innervation)

A

All four are innervated by CN V (trigeminal)
* Temporalis
* Masseter
* Medial and lateral pterygoid

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11
Q

extrinsic muscles of the tongue (functions, innervation)

A

Most are innervated by CN XII, hypoglossal nerve
* Extrinsic muscles are paired, and they include:
* Genioglossus – protract tongue
* Styloglossus – elevate and retract tongue
* Hyoglossus – depress and retract tongue
* Palatoglossus – elevate posterior part of tongue

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12
Q

3 muscles of the pharynx (innervation)

A

superior, middle, and inferior pharyngeal constrictor
muscles
* Innervated by CN X (vagus)

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13
Q

anterolateral neck muscles

A

Sternocleidomastoid
Anterior, middle, and posterior scalene muscles

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14
Q

posterior neck muscles

A

Splenius capitis, splenius cervicis, semispinalis capitis,
longissimus capitis

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15
Q

inspiration/expiration (thoracic cage)

A

During inspiration (inhalation)
* Several muscles contract to increase the size of the thoracic cavity,
allowing lungs to fill with air

During expiration (exhalation)
* Some respiratory muscles contract and others relax, decreasing the
size of the thoracic cavity and forcing air out of lungs

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16
Q

muscles of respiration

A

Serratus posterior superior
Serratus posterior inferior
Scalene muscles
External intercostals
Internal intercostals
Transversus thoracis
Diaphragm

17
Q

muscles of the abdominal wall

A

External oblique
Internal oblique
Transversus abdominis
Rectus abdominis

18
Q

Clinical View: Hernias

A

Portion of viscera protrudes through weak point of abdominal
wall
Inguinal hernia
* Loop of small intestine protrudes through superficial
inguinal ring
* More likely to occur in males since their inguinal canals
are larger to accommodate spermatic cord
* High abdominal pressure (for example, straining to lift
something heavy) can push intestine into canal
* Physicians test for it by palpating inguinal ring while
patient coughs (cough raises abdominal pressure)

19
Q

Clinical View: Rotator Cuff Injuries

A

Result of trauma or disease
* Can be caused by repetitive use
* Can be caused by falling on the shoulder or lifting too
heavy of an object
* Supraspinatus most commonly involved
* Symptoms are swelling, tenderness, and pain with
movement
* Especially common in baseball players
* May require physical therapy or surgical repair

20
Q

Clinical View: Lateral Epicondylitis

A

Also known as tennis elbow
* From trauma or overuse of common extensor tendon of
posterior forearm muscles
* Pain at lateral epicondyle of humerus, tendon’s attachment
site
* Often results from repeated forceful contraction of forearm
extensors

21
Q

Clinical View: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

A

Carpal tunnel
* Space between carpal bones and flexor retinaculum
Flexor tendons extending through tunnel
Median nerve extending through tunnel
Syndrome caused by compression of nerve
Characterized by pain and “pins and needles” (paresthesia)

22
Q

Clinical View: Thigh Muscle Injuries

A

Groin strain (groin pull, pulled groin)
* Tearing, stretching, straining proximal attachments of medial muscles
of thigh (for example, adductor muscles, gracilis)
* Typically occurs if muscles contract too suddenly, forcefully
* For example, jumping, kicking, change direction while running
Strained or pulled hamstring
* Hamstring tendons avulsed (torn away) during quick starts/stops, fast
running, sudden lateral/medial stress to knee joint
Prevention by doing dynamic warm-up prior to exercise,
static stretching after exercise

23
Q

Clinical View: Shin Splints and Compartment Syndrome

A

Shin splints
* Soreness along length of tibia
* Often occur in new poorly conditioned runners
* May be considered a type of compartment syndrome
Compartment syndrome
* Compression of blood vessels within a limb compartment
* Due to inflammation and swelling secondary to strain or trauma
* Increased pressure in compartment since deep fascia cannot
stretch
* In severe cases, fascia cut to relieve pressure

24
Q

Clinical View: Plantar Fasciitis

A

Inflammation of the plantar aponeurosis
Associated with overexertion that stresses the fascia
* For example, weight bearing activities, excessive body
weight, poor shoes, poor biomechanics

25
Q

2 triangles of the perineum (contains)

A

Urogenital triangle contains external genitalia and urethra
* Anal triangle contains anus

26
Q

anterior thoracic muscles

A

Pectoralis minor
Serratus anterior
Subclavius

27
Q

posterior thoracic muscles

A

Levator scapulae
Rhomboid major and rhomboid minor
Trapezius

28
Q

rotator cuff muscles

A

Subscapularis
* Medially rotates arm

Supraspinatus
* Abducts the arm

Infraspinatus and teres minor
* Adduct and laterally rotate arm

29
Q

anterior/posterior compartment of the arm/forearm muscles

A

Anterior compartment of the arm has flexor muscles

Biceps brachii
Brachialis
Brachioradialis

30
Q

posterior compartment of the arm/forearm muscles

A

Posterior compartment of the arm has extensor muscles

Triceps brachii
Anconeus

31
Q

hamstring (muscles)

A

Biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus

32
Q

quadriceps (muscles

A

rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis,
vastus intermedius

Biology 2401 Anatomy and physiology (14 decks)

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