CHAPTER 2 TEST REVIEW

Question 1

what are the major elements of the body

Answer 1

oxtgen
carbon
hydrogen
nitirogen
calcuim
phosphorus
compose almost 99 of body weight

Question 2

what are the three subatomic particles

Answer 2

Neutrons - no charge
Protons - positive
Electrons - negative

Question 3

How do you determine the number of atomic particles?

Answer 3

Proton number = atomic number
Neutron number = atomic mass − atomic number
Electron number = proton number

Question 4

What is a valence shell

Answer 4

the last or the outer shell

Question 5

What is the number of electrons in each shell include the formula

Answer 5

2n^2
1st - 2
2nd - 8
3rd - 18

Question 6

What is an isotope?

Answer 6

Same number of protons and electrons; different number of neutrons

Question 7

What’s the octet rule

Answer 7

Elements tend to lose, gain, or share electrons to obtain complete outer shells with eight electrons

Question 8

What is a cation?

Answer 8

Atoms with a positive charge

Question 9

What is an anion

Answer 9

atoms with a negative charge

Question 10

What is the strongest type of bond?

Answer 10

Covalently bonded molecule

Question 11

What is electronegativy

Answer 11

relative attraction of each atom for electrons

Question 12

What is hydrophobic?

Answer 12

water fearing

Question 13

What is Hydrophilic

Answer 13

water loving

Question 14

What are organic compounds?

Answer 14

contain carbon and are (or were) part of a living organism

Question 15

What are inorganic compounds?

Answer 15

include all other molecules
For example, water, salts, acids, bases

Question 16

What is a solvent

Answer 16

a substance that most substance dissolve in it

Question 17

What is a solute

Answer 17

substances that dissolve in water

Question 18

What are acids and their pH level?

Answer 18

Solutions with greater H+ than OH− Have a pH < 7

Question 19

What are bases and what are they pH?

Answer 19

Solutions with greater OH− than H+ Have a pH > 7

Question 20

What is the pH of pure water?

Answer 20

7

Question 21

What is the pH of human blood?

Answer 21

7.4 - 7.5

Question 22

What is the pH of urine?

Answer 22

6

Question 23

What is the pH of stomach acid?

Answer 23

2-3

Question 24

Define buffers

Answer 24

Help prevent pH changes if excess acid or base is added
Act to accept H+ from excess acid or donate H+ to neutralize base

Question 25

Define neutralization

Answer 25

When an acidic or basic solution is returned to neutral (pH 7)

Question 26

What are the three categories of water mixtures?

Answer 26

suspension colloid solution

Question 27

what is suspension

Answer 27

material larger in size than 1 mm mixed with water

Question 28

what is colloid

Answer 28

smaller particles than a suspension, but larger than those in a solution

Question 29

what is solution

Answer 29

homogeneous mixture of material smaller than 1 nanometer

Question 30

What is dehydration

Answer 30

(condensation) the takeing of water out

Question 31

What is hydrolysis

Answer 31

using water the breakdown or force apart

Question 32

What are 4 classes of lipids

Answer 32

Triglycerides Phospholipids Steroids Eicosanoids

Question 33

What is saturated

Answer 33

lack double bonds

Question 34

What is unsaturated

Answer 34

one double bond

Question 35

What is polyunsaturated

Answer 35

two or more double bonds

Question 36

What is lipogenesis

Answer 36

formation of triglycerides when conditions of excess nutrients exist

Question 37

What is lipolysis

Answer 37

breakdown of triglycerides when nutrients are needed

Question 38

What are the 4 classes of eicosanoids

Answer 38

Prostaglandins Prostacyclins Thromboxanes Leukotrienes

Question 39

What are 3 types of carbohydrates

Answer 39

Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides

Question 40

What is the most common monosaccharide

Answer 40

glucose

Question 41

What is glycogenesis

Answer 41

Liver and skeletal muscle store excess glucose, then bind glucose monomers together

Question 42

What is glycogenolysis

Answer 42

Liver hydrolyzes glycogen into glucose as needed

Question 43

What is gluconegenesis

Answer 43

Liver can also form glucose from noncarb sources

Question 44

What are examples of hexose monosaccharides

Answer 44

Glucose isomers (for example, galactose and fructose)

Question 45

What are the examples of pentose sugars

Answer 45

For example, ribose and deoxyribose

Question 46

What are the examples of disaccharides

Answer 46

Most common are sucrose (table sugar), lactose (milk sugar), and maltose (malt sugar)

Question 47

What are the examples of polysaccharides

Answer 47

Glycogen most common in animals Starch and cellulose found in plants

Question 48

What are the 2 classes of nucleic acids

Answer 48

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Question 49

What are 3 components of a nucleotide

Answer 49

sugar phosphate group nitrogenous base

Question 50

What are the pyrimidines

Answer 50

pyrimidines—single-ring bases Cytosine Uracil Thymine

Question 51

What are the purines

Answer 51

purines—double-ring bases Adenine Guanine

Question 52

What is the nutritious base only present in RNA

Answer 52

uracil

Question 53

What are the number of hydrogen bonds between the bases?

Answer 53

2 with thymine and adenine 3 with guanine and cytosine

Question 54

What does ATP stand for?

Answer 54

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Question 55

What are the functions of proteins?

Answer 55

Synthesis and digestion (actions of enzymes) Structural support; for example, cytoskeleton proteins Body movement; for example, actin and myosin of muscle Transport in blood; for example, hemoglobin carries O2 Membrane transport via carrier proteins Protection; for example

Question 56

What are the four protein conformation?

Answer 56

Primary structure Secondary structures Tertiary structure Quaternary structure