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Biology 2401 Anatomy and physiology > CHAPTER 2 TEST REVIEW > Flashcards

CHAPTER 2 TEST REVIEW Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the major elements of the body

A

oxtgen
carbon
hydrogen
nitirogen
calcuim
phosphorus
compose almost 99 of body weight

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2
Q

what are the three subatomic particles

A

Neutrons - no charge
Protons - positive
Electrons - negative

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3
Q

How do you determine the number of atomic particles?

A

Proton number = atomic number
Neutron number = atomic mass − atomic number
Electron number = proton number

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4
Q

What is a valence shell

A

the last or the outer shell

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5
Q

What is the number of electrons in each shell include the formula

A

2n^2
1st - 2
2nd - 8
3rd - 18

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6
Q

What is an isotope?

A

Same number of protons and electrons; different number of neutrons

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7
Q

What’s the octet rule

A

Elements tend to lose, gain, or share electrons to obtain complete outer shells with eight electrons

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8
Q

What is a cation?

A

Atoms with a positive charge

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9
Q

What is an anion

A

atoms with a negative charge

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10
Q

What is the strongest type of bond?

A

Covalently bonded molecule

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11
Q

What is electronegativy

A

relative attraction of each atom for electrons

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12
Q

What is hydrophobic?

A

water fearing

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13
Q

What is Hydrophilic

A

water loving

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14
Q

What are organic compounds?

A

contain carbon and are (or were) part of a living organism

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15
Q

What are inorganic compounds?

A

include all other molecules
For example, water, salts, acids, bases

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16
Q

What is a solvent

A

a substance that most substance dissolve in it

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17
Q

What is a solute

A

substances that dissolve in water

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18
Q

What are acids and their pH level?

A

Solutions with greater H+ than OH− Have a pH < 7

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19
Q

What are bases and what are they pH?

A

Solutions with greater OH− than H+ Have a pH > 7

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20
Q

What is the pH of pure water?

A

7

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21
Q

What is the pH of human blood?

A

7.4 - 7.5

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22
Q

What is the pH of urine?

A

6

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23
Q

What is the pH of stomach acid?

A

2-3

24
Q

Define buffers

A

Help prevent pH changes if excess acid or base is added
Act to accept H+ from excess acid or donate H+ to neutralize base

25
Q

Define neutralization

A

When an acidic or basic solution is returned to neutral (pH 7)

26
Q

What are the three categories of water mixtures?

A

suspension
colloid
solution

27
Q

what is suspension

A

material larger in size than 1 mm mixed with water

28
Q

what is colloid

A

smaller particles than a suspension, but larger than those in a solution

29
Q

what is solution

A

homogeneous mixture of material smaller than 1 nanometer

30
Q

What is dehydration

A

(condensation)
the takeing of water out

31
Q

What is hydrolysis

A

using water the breakdown or force apart

32
Q

What are 4 classes of lipids

A

Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids
Eicosanoids

33
Q

What is saturated

A

lack double bonds

34
Q

What is unsaturated

A

one double bond

35
Q

What is polyunsaturated

A

two or more double bonds

36
Q

What is lipogenesis

A

formation of triglycerides when conditions of excess nutrients exist

37
Q

What is lipolysis

A

breakdown of triglycerides when nutrients are needed

38
Q

What are the 4 classes of eicosanoids

A

Prostaglandins
Prostacyclins
Thromboxanes
Leukotrienes

39
Q

What are 3 types of carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

40
Q

What is the most common monosaccharide

A

glucose

41
Q

What is glycogenesis

A

Liver and skeletal muscle store excess glucose, then bind glucose monomers together

42
Q

What is glycogenolysis

A

Liver hydrolyzes glycogen into glucose as needed

43
Q

What is gluconegenesis

A

Liver can also form glucose from noncarb sources

44
Q

What are examples of hexose monosaccharides

A

Glucose isomers (for example, galactose and fructose)

45
Q

What are the examples of pentose sugars

A

For example, ribose and deoxyribose

46
Q

What are the examples of disaccharides

A

Most common are sucrose (table sugar), lactose (milk sugar), and maltose (malt sugar)

47
Q

What are the examples of polysaccharides

A

Glycogen most common in animals
Starch and cellulose found in plants

48
Q

What are the 2 classes of nucleic acids

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

49
Q

What are 3 components of a nucleotide

A

sugar
phosphate group
nitrogenous base

50
Q

What are the pyrimidines

A

pyrimidines—single-ring bases
Cytosine
Uracil
Thymine

51
Q

What are the purines

A

purines—double-ring bases
Adenine
Guanine

52
Q

What is the nutritious base only present in RNA

A

uracil

53
Q

What are the number of hydrogen bonds between the bases?

A

2 with thymine and adenine
3 with guanine and cytosine

54
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

55
Q

What are the functions of proteins?

A

Synthesis and digestion (actions of enzymes)
Structural support; for example, cytoskeleton proteins
Body movement; for example, actin and myosin of muscle
Transport in blood; for example, hemoglobin carries O2
Membrane transport via carrier proteins
Protection; for example

56
Q

What are the four protein conformation?

A

Primary structure
Secondary structures
Tertiary structure
Quaternary structure

Biology 2401 Anatomy and physiology (14 decks)

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