CHAPTER 3 TEST REVIEW

Question 1

define energy

Answer 1

energy is the capacity to do work

Question 2

what are the two classes of energy

Answer 2

potential and kinetic energy

Question 3

what is potential energy

Answer 3

stored energy

Question 4

what is kinetic energy

Answer 4

energy of motion

Question 5

what are the forms of kinetic energy

Answer 5

electrical
mechanical
sound
radiant
heat

Question 6

What is electrical energy?

Answer 6

The movement of charge particles

Question 7

What is mechanical edge energy?

Answer 7

Exhibited by objects in motion, due to applied force

Question 8

What is sound energy?

Answer 8

Molecule compression caused by vibrating object

Question 9

What is radiant energy?

Answer 9

Energy of electromagnetic waves

Question 10

What is heat energy?

Answer 10

Kinetic energy for movement of atoms, ions molecules

Question 11

What are the laws of thermodynamics?

Answer 11

That energy is neither created nor destroyed. It only changes in form and when energy transformed it’s not 100% some energy gets lost.

Question 12

What are reactants?

Answer 12

Substances present prior to the start of the chemical reaction. They written on the left side of the equation.

Question 13

What are products?

Answer 13

Substances formed by the reaction, the written on the right side

Question 14

What are three types of chemical reactions?

Answer 14

Decomposition reaction
Synthesis reaction
Exchange reaction

Question 15

What is decomposition reaction?

Answer 15

Large molecules broken down into smaller structures
All decomposition reactions are referred as catabolic reactions

Question 16

What are synthesis reactions?

Answer 16

Two are more structures combined to form a larger structure
Anabolism is it collected term for all of these reactions in the body

Question 17

What is exchange reaction?

Answer 17

Groups exchange between two chemical structures has both decomposition and synthesis components
It is most prevalent in the human body

Question 18

What is redox reaction?

Answer 18

Exchange reaction where electrons move from one chemical structure to another

Question 19

What is the oxidize part mean in redox reaction?

Answer 19

Structures that lose the electron

Question 20

What is the reduction part of redox reaction?

Answer 20

Structures that gain an electron

Question 21

what are exergonic reactions

Answer 21

Reactants with more energy within their chemical bonds
than products
* Energy released with net decrease in potential energy

Question 22

what are endergonic reactions

Answer 22

Reactants with less energy within their chemical bonds
than products
* Energy supplied with a net increase in potential energy

Question 23

what is activaition energy

Answer 23

Energy required to break existing chemical bonds
* A primary factor determining reaction rate

Question 24

what is active site of a enzyme

Answer 24

Permits only a single
substrate to bind
* Helps catalyze only
one specific reaction

Question 25

what are cofactors

Answer 25

Molecules or “helper” ions required to ensure that a reaction occurs

Question 26

what are the six functional groups of enzymes

Answer 26

Oxidoreductases – redox reactions Transferases - transfer atoms or molecules between chemical structures Hydrolases – split chemical bonds using water Isomerases – convert one isomer to another Ligases – bond two molecules together Lyases – split bonds without using water

Question 27

what is the perfered temparture for enzymes

Answer 27

usually 40ºC, 104ºF for human enzymes

Question 28

what is the optimal pH for enzymes

Answer 28

Between pH of 6 and 8 for most enzymes

Question 29

what are inhibiitors

Answer 29

bind enzymes and turn them off * Prevents overproduction of product * Later release of inhibitor allows enzyme to function again * Inhibitors can be competitive or noncompetitive

Question 30

what are competitive inhibitors

Answer 30

Resembles substrate and binds to active site of enzyme * Compete for occupation of active site

Question 31

what are noncompetive inhibitors

Answer 31

Do not resemble substrate * Bind a site other than active site (allosteric site) * Induce conformational change to enzyme and active site

Question 32

name a drug that is an enzyme inhibitors

Answer 32

Sildenafil (Viagra)

Question 33

Lactose Intolerance

Answer 33

Caused by a deficiency in lactase or abnormal lactase * Lactase is required to break bond in lactose into glucose and galactose Common in older adults Common symptoms: abdominal upset, nausea, diarrhea, bloating, gas Treated with lactase enzymes, avoidance of milk, or drinking lactose-free milk

Question 34

cyanide poisoning

Answer 34

Cyanide (nitrogen triple-bonded with carbon) binds with a specific electron carrier of the electron transport system * Inhibits electron transport system and ATP production * Electrons unable to reach oxygen * Treat with cyanide-binding substances

Question 35

what are the 4 stages of glucose oxidation

Answer 35

1. Glycolysis * Occurs in cytosol * Does not require oxygen 2. Intermediate stage 3. Citric acid cycle 4. Electron transport system * Stages 2, 3, and 4 * Occur in mitochondria * Require oxygen

Question 36

what is electron transport system

Answer 36

Function of the electron transport system * Transfer of electrons from NADH and FADH2, energy used to make ATP Structures of the electron transport system * Located within inner membrane (cristae) * H+ pump * Proteins that transport H+ from matrix to outer membrane compartment * Maintains a H+ gradient between outer compartment and mitochondrial matrix * Electron carriers * Transport electrons between H+ pumps * This series of H+ pumps and electron carriers is called the electron transport chain