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Biology 2401 Anatomy and physiology > CHAPTER 5 TEST REVIEW > Flashcards

CHAPTER 5 TEST REVIEW Flashcards

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1
Q

4 types of tissue

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

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2
Q

locations of epithelial tissue

A

Covers body surfaces
* Lines body cavities
* Forms majority of glands

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3
Q

characteristics/functions of epithelial tissue

A

Cellularity
Polarity
Attachment to basement membrane
Avascularity
Extensive innervation
High regeneration capacity

the functions are
Physical protection
Selective permeability
Secretions
Sensations

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4
Q

classifications of epithelial tissue ….(and cell shapes)

A

Simple epithelium
* One cell layer thick; all cells contact basement membrane
* Filtration, absorption, or secretion is primary function
Stratified epithelium
* Two or more layers of epithelial cells
* Only basal layer in contact with basement membrane
* In areas subjected to mechanical stress
Pseudostratified epithelium
* Appears layered
* All cells contact basement membrane, but may not reach apical
surface
Squamous cells
* Flat, wide, irregular in shape
* Nucleus flat
Cuboidal cells
* About as tall as they are wide
* Nucleus spherical and in center of cell
Columnar cells
* Slender and taller than they are wide
* Nucleus oval; oriented lengthwise in basal region
Transitional cells can change shape, depending on stretch of epithelium

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5
Q

flow chart—slide 11what is described in the

A
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6
Q

Where do you find each type of epithelia?

A

Simple Squamous Epithelium Lines air sacs of lungs (alveoli), vessel walls (endothelium), serous
membranes (mesothelium)

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Centrally located spherical nucleus

Nonciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium Lines most of digestive tract from stomach to anal canal
Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium Lines
* Bronchioles
* Uterine tubes – cilia help move oocyte from ovary to uterus

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7
Q

2 types of glands

A

Endocrine glands
* Lack ducts
* Secrete hormones into blood
Exocrine glands
* Invaginated epithelium in connective tissue
* Connected with epithelial surface by duct
* Epithelium-lined tube for gland secretion
* For example, sweat glands, mammary glands, salivary glands

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8
Q

2 types of exocrine glands

A

Unicellular exocrine glands
* Do not contain a duct
* Located close to epithelium surface
* Most common type is goblet cell
Multicellular exocrine glands
* Numerous cells
* Surrounded by fibrous capsule
* Extensions of capsule—septa, partition gland into lobes

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9
Q

acini vs ducts

A
  • Acini—cells clusters that produce secretions
  • Ducts transport secretions to epithelial surface
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10
Q

classifications of exocrine gland by anatomic form/method of secretion

A

Simple glands—a single, unbranched duct
* Compound glands—branched ducts
* Tubular glands—secretory portion and duct same
diameter
* Acinar glands—secretory portion forms expanded sac
* Tubuloacinar gland—both tubules and acini
by methods of secretion
Merocrine glands
* Package secretions into vesicles, released by exocytosis
* For example Lacrimal (tear) and salivary glands
* Apocrine glands
* Apical membrane pinches off and becomes secretion
* For example mammary and ceruminous glands
* Holocrine glands
* Ruptured cell becomes secretion
* For example sebaceous (oil) glands

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11
Q

2 classes of cells (CT)

A

Resident cells
* Wandering cells

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12
Q

types of resident cells

A

Fibroblasts
* Adipocytes (fat cells)
* Mesenchymal cells
* Fixed macrophages

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13
Q

protein fibers of CT

A

Collagen fibers
* Unbranched, “cable-like” long fibers
* Numerous in tendons and ligaments
* Reticular fibers
* Similar to collagen fibers but thinner
* Abundant in stroma of some organs (for example lymph node)
* Elastic fibers
* Contain protein elastin
* Stretch and recoil easily
* Found in skin, walls of arteries

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14
Q

ground substance (types)

A

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
* Large molecule in ground substance
* Charge attracts cations, water follows
* Proteoglycans
* Formed with GAG linked to a protein
* Glycoproteins
* Proteins with carbohydrates attached
* Bond CT cells and fibers to ground substance

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15
Q

what is described Clinical View: Scurvy

A

Vitamin C essential for healthy collagen fibers
* Scurvy caused by vitamin C deficiency
* Symptoms: weakness, gum ulceration, hemorrhages,
abnormal bone growth
* Caused by nutritional deficiencies
* Treated by consuming foods high in vitamin C or
supplements

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16
Q

functions of CT

A

Physical protection
* Support and structural framework
* Binding of structures
* Storage
* Transport
* Immune protection

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17
Q

2 types of embryonic CT

A

Mesenchyme
* Source of all other CT cells
* Adult CT often has mesenchymal stem cells
Mucous connective tissue
* Found in umbilical cord only

18
Q

what is described in the. Clinical View: Marfan Syndrome

A

Rare genetic disease of CT
Causes skeletal, cardiovascular, and visual abnormalities
Abnormal chromosome 15
Symptoms
* Abnormally long fingers, toes, limbs
* Malformation of thoracic cage, vertebral column
* Easily dislocated joints, resulting from weak ligaments, tendons,
and joint capsules
* Weakness in aorta and abnormal heart valves
* Slipped lens of the eye
Often death before age 50 due to cardiovascular problems
Early diagnosis/medical management allows long life span

19
Q

flow chart—–slide 50 what is described in the

A
20
Q

3 types of loose CT (and location)

A

Areolar
Adipose
Reticular

21
Q

2 types of adipose CT

A

White (stores energy, acts as insulator, cushions)
* Brown (found in newborns, generates heat, lost as we age)

22
Q

3 types of dense CT (location)

A
  1. Dense regular - In tendons and ligaments
  2. Dense irregular - Found in dermis of skin, periosteum of bone, perichondrium of cartilage, capsules around internal organs
  3. Elastic - Found in walls of large arteries, trachea, vocal cords
23
Q

2 types of supporting CT

A

cartilage, bone

24
Q

3 types of cartilage (location)

A
  1. Hyaline cartilage - Located in
    * Nose, trachea, and larynx
    * Costal cartilage
    * Articular ends of long bones
    * Most of fetal skeleton
  2. Fibrocartilage - Located in
    * Intervertebral discs
    * Pubic symphysis
    * Menisci of knee joint
  3. Elastic cartilage - Located in external ear and epiglottis
25
Q

2 types of bone

A
  1. Compact bone
  2. Spongy bone
26
Q

osteocytes

A

Bone cells—osteocytes
* Housed within spaces in extracellular matrix called lacunae

27
Q

bone functions

A

Levers for movement
* Supports tissues
* Protects vital organs
* Stores minerals, for example, calcium and phosphorus
* Houses hematopoietic cells, which make blood cells

28
Q

2 types of fluid CT

A

Blood
* Fluid connective tissue with formed elements
* Erythrocytes transport respiratory gases
* Leukocytes protect against infectious agents
* Cellular fragments, called platelets, help clot blood
* Liquid ground substance is called plasma
* Dissolved proteins
* Transports nutrients, wastes, hormones
Lymph
* Derived from blood plasma
* No cellular components or fragments
* Ultimately returned to bloodstream

29
Q

formed elements vs plasma (components)

A
30
Q

3 types of muscles (characteristics)

A

Skeletal - Striated or voluntary muscle tissue
* Moves skeleton
2. Cardiac - Involuntary, Responsible for heart contraction to pump blood
3. Smooth - Visceral or involuntary muscle tissue
* Lacks striations; appears smooth
Found in walls of intestines, stomach, airways, bladder,
uterus, blood vessels

31
Q

neuron

A

Cells called neurons
* Receive, transmit, and process nerve impulses

32
Q

parts of a neuron

A

Cell body
* Houses nucleus and other organelles
* Nerve cell processes extend from cell body
* Shorter and more numerous processes are called
dendrites
* Receive incoming signals and transmit information
* Axon is the single long process extending from the cell
body
* Carries outgoing signals to other cells
* Neurons are longest cells in the body

33
Q

Which organ contains all 4 tissue types?

A

stomach

34
Q

4 types of body membranes

A

1.Mucous
2. Serous
3. Cutaneous
4. Synovial

35
Q

hypertrophy (define)

A

increase in size of existing cells of a tissue

36
Q

hyperplasia (define)

A

increase in number of cells of a tissue

37
Q

atrophy (define)

A

Shrinkage of tissue by decrease in cell number or size
* Due to normal aging or disuse

38
Q

know the 4 types of tissue modifications

A

metaplasia - Change of mature epithelium to a different form
* May occur as epithelium adapts to environment
dysplasia - Abnormal tissue development
neoplasia - Tissue growth is out of control
* Neoplasm (tumor) of abnormal tissue develops
necrosis - tissue death

39
Q

what is described in the. Clinical View: Gangrene

A

Gangrene: Necrosis of soft tissues of a body part
Due to diminished arterial blood supply
Most common in limbs, fingers, toes
Major complications of diabetes
Intestinal gangrene
* Follows obstruction of blood supply to intestines
* If untreated, leads to death
Dry gangrene
* Involved part is desiccated and shriveled
* Usually due to extreme cold
Wet gangrene
* Caused by bacterial infection of tissues with lost blood supply
* Ruptured dying cells release fluid, allows bacteria to flourish
Gas gangrene
* Bacteria invade necrotic tissue
* Bacteria produce gas bubbles
Clinical View: Gangrene 2
Dry gangrene
* Involved part is desiccated and shriveled
* Usually due to extreme cold
Wet gangrene
* Caused by bacterial infection of tissues with lost blood supply
* Ruptured dying cells release fluid, allows bacteria to flourish
Gas gangrene
* Bacteria invade necrotic tissue
* Bacteria produce gas bubbles

40
Q

changes in tissues as we age

A

All tissues change with aging
* Proper nutrition, good health, normal circulation, infrequent
wounds—all promote normal functioning
* Support, maintenance, replacement of cells and
extracellular matrix
* Less efficient after middle age
* Structure and chemical composition of many tissues
altered
* Epithelia thins
* CT loses pliability and resiliency
* Collagen declines
* Bones become brittle
* Muscles atrophy

Biology 2401 Anatomy and physiology (14 decks)

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