CHAPTER 5 TEST REVIEW Flashcards
4 types of tissue
Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
locations of epithelial tissue
Covers body surfaces
* Lines body cavities
* Forms majority of glands
characteristics/functions of epithelial tissue
Cellularity
Polarity
Attachment to basement membrane
Avascularity
Extensive innervation
High regeneration capacity
the functions are
Physical protection
Selective permeability
Secretions
Sensations
classifications of epithelial tissue ….(and cell shapes)
Simple epithelium
* One cell layer thick; all cells contact basement membrane
* Filtration, absorption, or secretion is primary function
Stratified epithelium
* Two or more layers of epithelial cells
* Only basal layer in contact with basement membrane
* In areas subjected to mechanical stress
Pseudostratified epithelium
* Appears layered
* All cells contact basement membrane, but may not reach apical
surface
Squamous cells
* Flat, wide, irregular in shape
* Nucleus flat
Cuboidal cells
* About as tall as they are wide
* Nucleus spherical and in center of cell
Columnar cells
* Slender and taller than they are wide
* Nucleus oval; oriented lengthwise in basal region
Transitional cells can change shape, depending on stretch of epithelium
flow chart—slide 11what is described in the
Where do you find each type of epithelia?
Simple Squamous Epithelium Lines air sacs of lungs (alveoli), vessel walls (endothelium), serous
membranes (mesothelium)
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Centrally located spherical nucleus
Nonciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium Lines most of digestive tract from stomach to anal canal
Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium Lines
* Bronchioles
* Uterine tubes – cilia help move oocyte from ovary to uterus
2 types of glands
Endocrine glands
* Lack ducts
* Secrete hormones into blood
Exocrine glands
* Invaginated epithelium in connective tissue
* Connected with epithelial surface by duct
* Epithelium-lined tube for gland secretion
* For example, sweat glands, mammary glands, salivary glands
2 types of exocrine glands
Unicellular exocrine glands
* Do not contain a duct
* Located close to epithelium surface
* Most common type is goblet cell
Multicellular exocrine glands
* Numerous cells
* Surrounded by fibrous capsule
* Extensions of capsule—septa, partition gland into lobes
acini vs ducts
- Acini—cells clusters that produce secretions
- Ducts transport secretions to epithelial surface
classifications of exocrine gland by anatomic form/method of secretion
Simple glands—a single, unbranched duct
* Compound glands—branched ducts
* Tubular glands—secretory portion and duct same
diameter
* Acinar glands—secretory portion forms expanded sac
* Tubuloacinar gland—both tubules and acini
by methods of secretion
Merocrine glands
* Package secretions into vesicles, released by exocytosis
* For example Lacrimal (tear) and salivary glands
* Apocrine glands
* Apical membrane pinches off and becomes secretion
* For example mammary and ceruminous glands
* Holocrine glands
* Ruptured cell becomes secretion
* For example sebaceous (oil) glands
2 classes of cells (CT)
Resident cells
* Wandering cells
types of resident cells
Fibroblasts
* Adipocytes (fat cells)
* Mesenchymal cells
* Fixed macrophages
protein fibers of CT
Collagen fibers
* Unbranched, “cable-like” long fibers
* Numerous in tendons and ligaments
* Reticular fibers
* Similar to collagen fibers but thinner
* Abundant in stroma of some organs (for example lymph node)
* Elastic fibers
* Contain protein elastin
* Stretch and recoil easily
* Found in skin, walls of arteries
ground substance (types)
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
* Large molecule in ground substance
* Charge attracts cations, water follows
* Proteoglycans
* Formed with GAG linked to a protein
* Glycoproteins
* Proteins with carbohydrates attached
* Bond CT cells and fibers to ground substance
what is described Clinical View: Scurvy
Vitamin C essential for healthy collagen fibers
* Scurvy caused by vitamin C deficiency
* Symptoms: weakness, gum ulceration, hemorrhages,
abnormal bone growth
* Caused by nutritional deficiencies
* Treated by consuming foods high in vitamin C or
supplements
functions of CT
Physical protection
* Support and structural framework
* Binding of structures
* Storage
* Transport
* Immune protection
2 types of embryonic CT
Mesenchyme
* Source of all other CT cells
* Adult CT often has mesenchymal stem cells
Mucous connective tissue
* Found in umbilical cord only
what is described in the. Clinical View: Marfan Syndrome
Rare genetic disease of CT
Causes skeletal, cardiovascular, and visual abnormalities
Abnormal chromosome 15
Symptoms
* Abnormally long fingers, toes, limbs
* Malformation of thoracic cage, vertebral column
* Easily dislocated joints, resulting from weak ligaments, tendons,
and joint capsules
* Weakness in aorta and abnormal heart valves
* Slipped lens of the eye
Often death before age 50 due to cardiovascular problems
Early diagnosis/medical management allows long life span
flow chart—–slide 50 what is described in the
3 types of loose CT (and location)
Areolar
Adipose
Reticular
2 types of adipose CT
White (stores energy, acts as insulator, cushions)
* Brown (found in newborns, generates heat, lost as we age)
3 types of dense CT (location)
- Dense regular - In tendons and ligaments
- Dense irregular - Found in dermis of skin, periosteum of bone, perichondrium of cartilage, capsules around internal organs
- Elastic - Found in walls of large arteries, trachea, vocal cords
2 types of supporting CT
cartilage, bone
3 types of cartilage (location)
- Hyaline cartilage - Located in
* Nose, trachea, and larynx
* Costal cartilage
* Articular ends of long bones
* Most of fetal skeleton - Fibrocartilage - Located in
* Intervertebral discs
* Pubic symphysis
* Menisci of knee joint - Elastic cartilage - Located in external ear and epiglottis
