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Biology 2401 Anatomy and physiology > CHAPTER 1 TEST REVIEW > Flashcards

CHAPTER 1 TEST REVIEW Flashcards

Understanding terms, and concepts

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1
Q

Anatomy

A

studies the form and structure of the body

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2
Q

Physiology

A

examines how the body functions

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3
Q

Scientific method

A

refers to a systematic and rigorous
process by which scientists

  • Examine natural events through observation
  • Develop a hypothesis for explaining a phenomenon
  • Experiment and test hypothesis by collecting data
  • Determine if the data support the hypothesis, or if the
    hypothesis should be rejected or modified
    3
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4
Q

Microscopic anatomy

A

Examines structures that cannot be observed by unaided
eye
* Specimens examined under microscope

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5
Q

what are the divisions in microscopic anatomy

A

cytology and histology

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6
Q

what does cyto refers

A

cells

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7
Q

what does histo means

A

tissues

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8
Q

cytology

A

Cytology is the study of body cells and their internal structure

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9
Q

histology

A

Histology is the study of tissues

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10
Q

Gross anatomy, or macroscopic anatomy

A

Investigates structures visible to the unaided eye
* Specimens dissected for examination

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11
Q

Divisions of marcoscopic

A

Systemic anatomy
* Regional anatomy
* Surface anatomy
* Comparative anatomy
* Embryology

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12
Q

Systemic anatomy

A

Systemic anatomy studies the anatomy of each body system

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13
Q

Regional anatomy

A

Regional anatomy examines the structures in a body region

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14
Q

Surface anatomy

A

Surface anatomy focuses on superficial anatomic markings and
internal body structures

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15
Q

Comparative anatomy

A

Comparative anatomy examines anatomical similarities and
differences in different species

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16
Q

Embryology

A

Embryology studies developmental changes from conception to
birth

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17
Q

what are Divisions focusing on diagnosis or research

A

Pathologic anatomy
Radiographic anatomy

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18
Q

Pathologic anatomy

A

Pathologic anatomy examines macroscopic and
microscopic anatomic changes resulting from disease

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19
Q

Radiographic anatomy

A

Radiographic anatomy investigates internal structures
visualized by scanning procedures

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20
Q

what does path refers to

A

disease

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21
Q

what are the Physiology subdisciplines

A

Cardiovascular physiology
* Neurophysiology
* Respiratory physiology
* Reproductive physiology
* Pathophysiology

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22
Q

Cardiovascular physiology

A

Cardiovascular physiology examines functioning of the heart,
blood vessels, and blood

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23
Q

Neurophysiology

A

Neurophysiology studies functioning of nerves and nervous
system organs

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24
Q

Respiratory physiology

A

Respiratory physiology explores functioning of respiratory
organs

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25
Q

Reproductive physiology

A

Reproductive physiology investigates functioning of
reproductive hormones and the reproductive cycle

26
Q

Pathophysiology

A

Pathophysiology focuses on the function of a body system
during disease or injury to the system

27
Q

what are the 6 properties of all organisms

A

Organization
Metabolism
Growth and development
Responsiveness
Regulation
Reproduction

28
Q

what is metabolism

A

the sum of all chemical reactions that occur
within the body

29
Q

define anabolism

A

small molecules joined to form larger ones

30
Q

define catabolism

A

large molecules broken down into smaller
ones

31
Q

what are the levels of organizations of an organism

A

Chemical level – atoms, molecules, macromolecules
* Cellular level – cells, basic units of life
* Tissue level – tissues, similar cells performing common
functions
* Organ level – organs, multiple tissues working together
* Organ system level – related organs work together
* Organismal level – organ systems function together

32
Q

what are the different body systems

A

1.Integumentary system
2. Skeletal system
3. Muscular system
4. Nervous system
5. Endocrine system
6. Cardiovascular system
7. Lymphatic system
8. Respiratory system
9. Urinary system
10. Digestive system
11. Male and female reproductive systems

33
Q

describle anatomical position

A

Upright stance
* Feet parallel and flat on the floor
* Upper limbs at the sides of the body
* Palms face anteriorly (toward the front)
* Head is level
* Eyes look forward

34
Q

transverse plane

A

Horizontal plane dividing the body into superior (top) and inferior
(bottom) parts

35
Q

frontal plane

A

Vertical plane dividing the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back)
part

36
Q

sagittel plane

A

divides
structure into unequal portions

37
Q

define the directional term- Superifical

A

closest to the surface

38
Q

define the directional term- deep

A

away from the surface

39
Q

define the directional term- antorier

A

toward the front

40
Q

define the directional term- posterior

A

toward the back

41
Q

define the directional term- supertior

A

toward the top

42
Q

define the directional term- inferior

A

toward the bottom

43
Q

define the directional term- medial

A

toward the midline

44
Q

define the directional term- lateral

A

away from the midline

45
Q

define the directional term- proximal

A

closest to the point of the attachment

46
Q

define the directional term- distal

A

away from the point of the attachment

47
Q

what are the 2 regions of the human body

A

Appendicular and axial

48
Q

what are the regions terms

A

Cephailc- head
thoracic
abdominal
pelvic
cervical
upper extremity
lower extremity

49
Q

define mediastinum

A

median space in the thoracic cavity

50
Q

mediastnum - what organs are contained

A

Contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and major blood
vessels that connect to the heart

51
Q

define pleura

A

two-layered serous membrane associated with
lungs

52
Q

define homeostasis

A

the ability of an organism to maintain
consistent internal environment in response to changing
internal or external conditions

53
Q

define negative feedback

A

Controls most processes in the body
* Variable fluctuates within a normal range around a set point
* Resulting action is in the opposite direction of the stimulus
* Example: temperature regulation

54
Q

define positive feedback

A

Occurs much less frequently than negative feedback
* Stimulus reinforced to continue moving variable in same direction until
a climactic event occurs, then body returns to homeostasis

55
Q

what are the vital signs

A

Normal ranges for homeostatic variables
* Body temperature 98.6°F
* Blood glucose 80 to 110 mg/dL
* Blood pressure 90 to 120/60 to 80 mm Hg
* Determined by sampling healthy individuals in a
population
* Normal range is value for 95% of individuals sampled
* 5% of healthy population have values outside normal
range

56
Q

what are ssri used for

A

SSRI drugs block reuptake of serotonin into nerve cells in
brain, thus prolonging its effects; SSRIs help elevate mood
of patients with depression

57
Q

what are the six medical imaging studies

A

radiography
ultrasound
digital subtraction angiography (DSA)
computed tomography (CT)
magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)
positron Emission Tomography (PET)

58
Q

define cavity

A
59
Q

what are the 3 components of the homeostatic system

A

receptor
control center
effector

60
Q

what are the abdominopelvic regions

A

Abdominopelvic cavity is
partitioned into nine
compartments
* Umbilical region
* Middle region, named for the
umbilicus (navel) that lies in
its center
* Epigastric region
* Superior to umbilical
* Hypogastric region
* Inferior to umbilical Right and left
hypochondriac regions
* Inferior to costal cartilages
and lateral to epigastric
* Right and left lumbar
regions
* Lateral to umbilical
* Right and left iliac
regions
* Lateral to hypogastric

61
Q

what are the quadrants

A

Abdominopelvic cavity can
also be divided into four
compartments with
transverse and midsagittal
planes through the umbilicus
* Right and left upper
quadrant
* Right and left lower
quadrant

62
Q

what are the layers of serous membranes

A

Biology 2401 Anatomy and physiology (14 decks)

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