Chapter 9 Terms

Question 1

Prosocial Behavior

Answer 1

Doing something that is good for other people or for society as a whole.

Question 2

Rule of Law

Answer 2

When members of society (including its most powerful leaders) respect and follow its rules.

Question 3

Reciprocity

Answer 3

The obligation to return in kind what another has done for us.

Question 4

Gratitude

Answer 4

A positive emotion that results from the perception that one has benefited from the costly, intentional, voluntary action of another person.

Question 5

Norms

Answer 5

Standards established by society to tell its members what types of behavior are typical or expected.

Question 6

Equity

Answer 6

A norm in which each person receives benefits in proportion to what he or she contributes

Question 7

Equality

Answer 7

A norm in which everyone gets the same amount, regardless of what he or she contributes.

Question 8

Sensitivity About Being the Target of a Threatening Upward Social Comparison

Answer 8

Interpersonal concern about the consequences of outperforming others.

Question 9

Underbenefited

Answer 9

Getting less than you deserve

Question 10

Overbenefited

Answer 10

Getting more than you deserve

Question 11

Moral Reasoning

Answer 11

Using logical deductions to make moral judgements based on abstract principles of right and wrong

Question 12

Moral Intuitions

Answer 12

Judgements (about whether an action is right or wrong) that occur automatically and rely on emotional feelings.

Question 13

Cooperation

Answer 13

Working together with someone for mutual or reciprocal benefit.

Question 14

Prisoner’s Dilemma

Answer 14

A game that forces people to choose between cooperation and competition.

Question 15

Zero-Sum Game

Answer 15

A situation in which one person’s gain is another’s loss

Question 16

Non Zero-Sum Game

Answer 16

An interaction in which both participants can win (or lose).

Question 17

Forgiveness

Answer 17

Ceasing to feel angry toward or seek retribution against someone who has wronged you.

Question 18

Obedience

Answer 18

Following orders from an authority figure

Question 19

Conformity

Answer 19

Going along with the crowd, that is, saying or doing whatever others are saying or doing.

Question 20

Trust

Answer 20

A confidence that others will provide benefits and/or not harm you, even if they may be tempted to do otherwise

Question 21

Kin Selection

Answer 21

The evolutionary tendency to help people who have our genes.

Question 22

Empathy

Answer 22

Reacting to another person’s emotional state by experiencing the same emotional state.

Question 23

Egoistic Helping

Answer 23

When a helper seeks to increase their own welfare by helping another

Question 24

Altruistic Helping

Answer 24

When a helper seeks to increase another’s welfare and expects nothing in return.

Question 25

Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis

Answer 25

The idea that empathy motivates people to reduce other peoples distress, as by helping or comforting

Question 26

Belief in a Just World

Answer 26

The assumption that life is essentially fair, that people generally get what they deserve and deserve what they get.

Question 27

Bystander Effect

Answer 27

The finding that people are less likely to offer help when they are in a group than when they’re on their own.

Question 28

Diffusion of Responsibility

Answer 28

The reduction in feeling responsible that occurs when others are present.

Question 29

Audience Inhibition

Answer 29

Failure to help in front of others for fear of feeling like a fool if one’s offer of help is rejected.