Chapter 9 Terms Flashcards
Prosocial Behavior
Doing something that is good for other people or for society as a whole.
Rule of Law
When members of society (including its most powerful leaders) respect and follow its rules.
Reciprocity
The obligation to return in kind what another has done for us.
Gratitude
A positive emotion that results from the perception that one has benefited from the costly, intentional, voluntary action of another person.
Norms
Standards established by society to tell its members what types of behavior are typical or expected.
Equity
A norm in which each person receives benefits in proportion to what he or she contributes
Equality
A norm in which everyone gets the same amount, regardless of what he or she contributes.
Sensitivity About Being the Target of a Threatening Upward Social Comparison
Interpersonal concern about the consequences of outperforming others.
Underbenefited
Getting less than you deserve
Overbenefited
Getting more than you deserve
Moral Reasoning
Using logical deductions to make moral judgements based on abstract principles of right and wrong
Moral Intuitions
Judgements (about whether an action is right or wrong) that occur automatically and rely on emotional feelings.
Cooperation
Working together with someone for mutual or reciprocal benefit.
Prisoner’s Dilemma
A game that forces people to choose between cooperation and competition.
Zero-Sum Game
A situation in which one person’s gain is another’s loss
Non Zero-Sum Game
An interaction in which both participants can win (or lose).
Forgiveness
Ceasing to feel angry toward or seek retribution against someone who has wronged you.
Obedience
Following orders from an authority figure
Conformity
Going along with the crowd, that is, saying or doing whatever others are saying or doing.
Trust
A confidence that others will provide benefits and/or not harm you, even if they may be tempted to do otherwise
Kin Selection
The evolutionary tendency to help people who have our genes.
Empathy
Reacting to another person’s emotional state by experiencing the same emotional state.
Egoistic Helping
When a helper seeks to increase their own welfare by helping another
Altruistic Helping
When a helper seeks to increase another’s welfare and expects nothing in return.
Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis
The idea that empathy motivates people to reduce other peoples distress, as by helping or comforting
Belief in a Just World
The assumption that life is essentially fair, that people generally get what they deserve and deserve what they get.
Bystander Effect
The finding that people are less likely to offer help when they are in a group than when they’re on their own.
Diffusion of Responsibility
The reduction in feeling responsible that occurs when others are present.
Audience Inhibition
Failure to help in front of others for fear of feeling like a fool if one’s offer of help is rejected.
