Chapter 7 Terms Flashcards
Beliefs
Pieces of information about something; facts or opinions.
Attitudes
Global evaluations toward some object or issue.
Dual Attitudes
Different evaluations of the same attitude object held by the same person (perhaps one delibrate, the other automatic)
Automatic Attitudes (sometimes called implicit attitudes and/or unconscious attitudes)
Very fast evaluative, “gut level” responses that people don’t think a great deal about.
Deliberate Attitudes (sometimes called explicit attitudes and/or conscious attitudes)
Reflective responses that people think more carefully about.
Mere Exposure Effect
The tendency for people to come to like things simply because they see or encounter them repeatedly.
Classical Conditioning
A type of learning in which, through repeated pairings, a neutral stimulus comes to evoke a conditioned response.
Unconditioned Stimulus
A stimulus that naturally evokes a particular response.
Unconditioned Response
A naturally occurring response.
Neutral Stimulus
A stimulus that initially evokes no response.
Conditioned Stimulus
A neutral stimulus that, through repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to evoke a conditioned response.
Conditioned Response
A response that, through repeated pairings, is evoked by a formerly neutral stimulus.
Operant Conditioning (instrumental conditioning)
A type of learning in which people are more likely to repeat behaviors that have been rewarded and less likely to repeat behaviors that have been punished.
Social Learning (observational learning)
A type of learning in which people are more likely to imitate behaviors if they have seen others rewarded for performing them, and less likely to imitate behaviors if they have seen others punished for performing them.
Attitude Polarization
The finding that people’s attitudes become more extreme as they reflect on them.
Cognitive Dissonance
The theory that inconsistencies produce psychological discomfort, leading people to rationalize their behavior or change their attitudes.
Effort Justification
The finding that when people suffer or work hard or make sacrifices, they will try to convince themselves that is worthwhile.
Post-Decision Dissonance
Cognitive dissonance experience after making a difficult choice, typically reduced by increasing the attractiveness of the chosen alternative and decreasing the attractiveness of rejected alternatives.
Selective Exposure
Refers to the tendency of individuals to select information that supports their preexisting views and avoid information that contradicts their preexisting views.
Filter Bubbles
Algorithms used on the internet to selectively guess what information a user would like to see based on information available about that use (e.g., previous web pages viewed, click behavior).
A-B Problem
The problem of inconsistency between attitudes (A) and behavior (B).
Error Plasticity
Degree to which social, cultural, and situational factors influence sexuality.
Accessibility
How easily something comes to mind.
Behavioral Intentions
An individuals plans to perform the behavior in questions
Subjective Norms
An individuals perceptions about whether significant others think one should or should not perform the behavior in question.
Perceived Behavioral Control
An individuals beliefs about whether they can actually perform the behavior in question.
Belief Perseverance
The finding that once beliefs form, they are resistant to change, even if the information on which they are based is discredited.
Assumptive Beliefs
The view that people live in social worlds based on certain beliefs (assumptions) about reality.
Cognitive Control
The idea that beliefs play a central role in helping people cope with and recover from misfortunes.
