Chapter 9: Solutions

Question 1

what are solutions

Answer 1

homogenous mixtures of two or more substances

Question 2

what is solvation

Answer 2

solvent particles surround solute particles via electrostatic interactions

Question 3

what is solubility

Answer 3

maximum amount of a solute that can be dissolved in a given solvent at a given temperature

Question 4

what is the complex ion affect

Answer 4

formation of complex ions increases solubility of otherwise insoluble ions

Question 5

what is percent composition by mass

Answer 5

mass of solute per mass of solution times 100

Question 6

what is the mole fraction

Answer 6

mole of solute/total moles solution

Question 7

what is molarity

Answer 7

moles solute / liter solution

Question 8

what is molality

Answer 8

moles of solute / Kg of solvent

Question 9

what is normality

Answer 9

number of equivalents / liter of solution

Question 10

what is the solubility product constant (Ksp)

Answer 10

equilibrium constant for dissociation reaction

Question 11

if IP (ion product) > Ksp

Answer 11

solution is super saturated and a precipitate forms

Question 12

If IP (ion product) < Ksp

Answer 12

solution is undersaturated and if more solute is added it will dissolve

Question 13

If IP (ion product) = Ksp

Answer 13

solution is saturated

Question 14

what is the formation/stability constant (Kf)

Answer 14

equilibrium constant for complex formation

Question 15

why does the formation of a complex ion increase solubility

Answer 15

increases solubility of other salt containing the same ion because it uses up the products of those dissolution reactions shifting equilibrium to the right

Question 16

what is the common ion effect

Answer 16

decreases solubility of a compound in a solution that already contains one of the ions in the compound

Question 17

what are colligative properties

Answer 17

physical properties of solutions that depend on the concentration of dissolved particles but not on their chemical identity

Question 18

what is Raoults law

Answer 18

presence of other solutes decreases the evaporation rate of a solvent wo affecting its condensation rate thus decreasing its vapor pressure

Question 19

what is the freezing point depression and boiling point elevation

Answer 19

shifts in phase equilibria dependent on the molality of the solution

Question 20

what is osmotic pressure

Answer 20

primarily dependent on molality

Question 21

what is the van’t Hoff Factor (i)

Answer 21

used in freezing point depression, boiling point elevation, and osmotic pressure calculations

Question 22

what is equation for dilution

Answer 22

Mi Vi = Mf Vf

Question 23

what is ion product equaiton

Answer 23

IP = [A^n+]^m [B^m-]^n

Question 24

what is the equation for Raoults law

Answer 24

Vapor pressure solvent A = Xa *(vapor pressure solvent A in pure state)

Question 25

what is equation for boiling point elevation

Answer 25

delta Tb = iKb m
Kb = proportionality constant of solutionw

Question 26

what is equation for freezing point depression

Answer 26

delta Tf =iKfm

Question 27

what is equation for osmotic pressure

Answer 27

osmotic pressure = iMRT