Chapter 9: Solutions Flashcards
what are solutions
homogenous mixtures of two or more substances
what is solvation
solvent particles surround solute particles via electrostatic interactions
what is solubility
maximum amount of a solute that can be dissolved in a given solvent at a given temperature
what is the complex ion affect
formation of complex ions increases solubility of otherwise insoluble ions
what is percent composition by mass
mass of solute per mass of solution times 100
what is the mole fraction
mole of solute/total moles solution
what is molarity
moles solute / liter solution
what is molality
moles of solute / Kg of solvent
what is normality
number of equivalents / liter of solution
what is the solubility product constant (Ksp)
equilibrium constant for dissociation reaction
if IP (ion product) > Ksp
solution is super saturated and a precipitate forms
If IP (ion product) < Ksp
solution is undersaturated and if more solute is added it will dissolve
If IP (ion product) = Ksp
solution is saturated
what is the formation/stability constant (Kf)
equilibrium constant for complex formation
why does the formation of a complex ion increase solubility
increases solubility of other salt containing the same ion because it uses up the products of those dissolution reactions shifting equilibrium to the right
what is the common ion effect
decreases solubility of a compound in a solution that already contains one of the ions in the compound
what are colligative properties
physical properties of solutions that depend on the concentration of dissolved particles but not on their chemical identity
what is Raoults law
presence of other solutes decreases the evaporation rate of a solvent wo affecting its condensation rate thus decreasing its vapor pressure
what is the freezing point depression and boiling point elevation
shifts in phase equilibria dependent on the molality of the solution
what is osmotic pressure
primarily dependent on molality
what is the van’t Hoff Factor (i)
used in freezing point depression, boiling point elevation, and osmotic pressure calculations
what is equation for dilution
Mi Vi = Mf Vf
what is ion product equaiton
IP = [A^n+]^m [B^m-]^n
what is the equation for Raoults law
Vapor pressure solvent A = Xa *(vapor pressure solvent A in pure state)
what is equation for boiling point elevation
delta Tb = iKb m
Kb = proportionality constant of solutionw
what is equation for freezing point depression
delta Tf =iKfm
what is equation for osmotic pressure
osmotic pressure = iMRT
