Chapter 2: Periodic Table

Question 1

what is the periodic table

Answer 1

organizes the elements according to their atomic numbers and reveals a pattern of similar chemical and physical properties among elements

Question 2

what are periods

Answer 2

rows; have same principle energy number

Question 3

what are groups

Answer 3

columns; same number of valence electrons

Question 4

what are the three types of elements on the periodic table

Answer 4

metals, non metals, metalloids

Question 5

what are metals

Answer 5

shiny, conduct electricity well, malleable, and ductile; left side and middle of periodic table

Question 6

what are non metals

Answer 6

dull, poor conductors, brittle; right side of periodic table

Question 7

what are metalloids

Answer 7

possess characteristics of both metals and nonmetals; separate metals and non metals in stair-step pattern starting at boron

Question 8

what is effective nuclear charge (Zeff)

Answer 8

net positive charge experienced by electrons in the valence shell; increases from left to right

Question 9

what is the trend for atomic radius

Answer 9

decreases from left to right; increases top to bottom

Question 10

what is the trend for ionic radius

Answer 10

largest nonmetal and smallest metal exist at metalloid boundary

Question 11

ionic radii of cations

Answer 11

generally smaller than neutral element

Question 12

ionic radii of anions

Answer 12

generally larger than neutral element

Question 13

what is the trend for ionization energy

Answer 13

increases from left to right; decreases top to bottom

Question 14

what is ionization energy

Answer 14

amount of energy necessary to remove an electron

Question 15

what is the trend of electron affinity

Answer 15

increases from left to right; decreases from top to bottom

Question 16

what is electron affinty

Answer 16

amount of energy released when a gaseous species gains an electron in its valence shell

Question 17

what is the trend for electronegativity

Answer 17

increases from left to right; decreases top to bottom

Question 18

what is electronegativity

Answer 18

measure of attractive force of the nucleus for electrons within a bond

Question 19

what are alkali metals

Answer 19

prefer to lose an electron; most reactive; oxidation state of +1

Question 20

what are alkaline earth metals

Answer 20

oxidation state of +2 and lose two electrons

Question 21

what are chalcogens

Answer 21

oxidation states of -2 to +6 depending on whether they are metals or nonmetals; biologically important

Question 22

what are halogens

Answer 22

oxidation state of -1; highest electronegativities

Question 23

what are noble gases

Answer 23

fully filled valence electron shells; highest ionization energies and nonexistent electroneg. and electron affinity