Chapter 9: Social Development Flashcards

Question

autonomy vs shame/doubt stage of Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development

Answer 1

Toddlers The challenge for the child is to achieve a strong sense of autonomy while adjusting to increasing social demands. The dramatic improvements in children’s motor skills, cognitive abilities, and language foster their desires to make their own choices. These abilities change the family dynamics, initiating a long-running battle of wills with caregivers. In a supportive atmosphere that allows children to achieve self-control without the loss of self-esteem, children gain a sense of autonomy. In contrast, if children are subjected to severe punishment or ridicule, they may come to doubt their abilities. More control and independence Can make simple decisions, have autonomy Potty training is important here Giving child choice of what to eat and hw to dress, etc, child will be more independent and confident Flipside, critical parents cause shame and self doubt and lead to fear of trying new things and low self esteem, overly dependent on others

Answer 2

Middle child crucial for ego development. Children become proficient at skills that are important in their culture, and they learn to work industriously and to cooperate with peers. Successful experiences give the child a sense of competence, but failure can lead to excessive feelings of inadequacy or inferiority. Wondering if they can be successful More academic demands and social demands, opportunities to build skills Parent and teacher encouragement to develop skills creates a sense of pride and agency. Confident and competent If growth not fostered, child will feel thei accomplishments aren’t good enough. Will start to compare self to others. Feel inferior to others and not confident, leads to not fulfilling highest potential

Answer 3

Teens critical for the achievement of a core sense of identity. The dramatic physical changes of puberty and the emergence of strong sexual urges are accompanied by new social pressures. Caught between their past identity as a child and the many options and uncertainties of their future, adolescents must resolve the question of who they really are or live in confusion about what roles they should play as adults. Trying to merge child and adult identity Try to see what growing up is Own sense of values and morals and goals developing Getting ready to make big decisions If child is supported in exploring activities and goals and given freedom to explore interests and career pathways will cause strong sense of identity and purpose in life Not supportive and restrictive parents will cause child to feel overwhelmed and confused and unsure of self

Answer 4

continuity

Answer 5

Nurture Thought that social learning was aboutthe environment and parents Thought parents should be strict and domineering Little albert: Trained child to fear rats and even other furry animals by conditioning with a loud sound believed that development is determined by the child’s environment, via learning through conditioning believed that psychologists should study visible behaviour, not the “mind.”

Answer 6

Nurture Operant conditioning Three parts relevant to kids Skinner’s work on reinforcement led to a form of therapy known as behaviour modification: Behaviour can be modified by reversing the reinforcement contingencies

Answer 7

Punishment and reinforcement attention=reinforcer Intermittent reinforcement = difficult to stop

Answer 8

Everythings you do is based on past behaviours. Reinforcement makes you repeat stuff and punishment makes you stop

Answer 9

Kids do things to get attention attention can by itself serve as a powerful reinforcer: children often do things “just to get attention”

Answer 10

Sometimes giving in means that kids will repeat unwanted action in case you give in again makes behaviours resistant to extinction. If a behaviour is only occasionally rewarded, an animal is likely to maintain the expectation that the next performance of the behaviour may produce the reward, leading to persistence of the behaviour even in the absence of reward

Answer 11

Emphasizes observation and imitation Reciprocal determinism

Answer 12

Learning is inherently social People in environment are called models Indirect (not physically there like a character) models are also imitated Observational learning clearly depends on basic cognitive processes of attention to others’ behaviour, encoding what is observed, storing the information in memory, and retrieving it at some later time in order to reproduce the behaviour observed earlier.

Answer 13

Child affects environment and environment affects child children have characteristics that lead them to seek particular kinds of interactions with the external world. These interactions influence children’s future environments.

Answer 14

Expected to grow up in a world defined by tech, smaller families, and ongoing climate change Birth cohorts are impacted by key historical events, social events, the environment that surrounds them, and the environment that influenced their parents Born between 2025-2039 to millennial and Gen Z parents Older parents Smaller families Tech-focused Climate change May not be able to own their own dwelling s due to price of housing being so high How do you predict the characteristics of Generation Beta will influence their social development? Higher social anxiety, tech plays a role Behind in social development Parents might not encourage non-tech activities Algorithms influence what you see

Answer 15

tied to having older parents, less likely to have siblings and cousins

Answer 16

statistically, waiting longer to have kids to be established in careers, etc wealthier and more emotionally prepared to raise kids which will contribute to a socioeconomic advantage, will have to care for parents starting at a younger age

Answer 17

AI influence to solve problems, born to more tech-savvy parents AI baked into anatomy of how they handle, deal with, and solve problems

Answer 18

more natural disasters smaller homes may mean a smaller environmental footprint, and using tech to work from home or for their amenities could reduce the amount of emissions from travel

Answer 19

Advanced motor skills during infancy Delayed language skills High IQ Greatest difficulty with visual and spatial perception Low motivation SCID- super crappy immune system

Answer 20

Always a couple months ahead for developmental milestones

Answer 21

Didn’t babble Didn’t respond to name or the word no, couldn’t follow simple commands as young child Bombarded by too many people talking at him all the time, became noise Vocabulary was different. Used more technical/ medical/ bubble words due to doctors being around all the time

Answer 22

Advanced for age and high IQ overall

Answer 23

Due to small space Limited environment View was what he saw through the window Had trouble with thinking about things as 3D Didn’t understand that things far away appear smaller, but aren’t actually smaller

Answer 24

Got bored due to being smart No video calls, so limited interaction Not a lot of engagement Didn’t see the point in learning due to being in a bubble

Answer 25

Selman Dodge Lorenz Bronfenbrenner

Answer 26

Looks at how child’s thoughts and inner world influence development assume that children’s knowledge and beliefs are vitally important in social development.

Answer 27

Children playing a very active role in their own social development, through their choice of friends, activities, etc children’s active shaping of their own social development. children’s knowledge and beliefs about themselves and other people lead them to adopt particular goals and standards to guide their own behaviour. Active child theme

Answer 28

Focus on development of role taking young children’s social cognition is limited by their difficulty with taking others’ perspectives. As they develop, children become increasingly able to engage in abstract thinking about other people proposes that children go through a sequence of stages in the development of the ability to take the role or perspective of another person 4 stages (don’t need to know ages)

Answer 29

emerges at age 6 Role taking means taking the perspective of someone else, seeing from another person’s point of view

Answer 30

Know different perspectives Think from another perspective Compare your perspective with another’s Compare another’s perspective with the majority

Answer 31

Know that people can have a perspective different from theirs Think that others only have a different perspective because they don’t have the same amount of info as you Recognizing that other people have a different perspective

Answer 32

Think and put yourself in someone else’s shoes Notice different perspective, but connection isn’t made between your opinion and the other perspective children not only realize that someone else can have a different view, but they also are able to think about the other person’s point of view

Answer 33

Comparing your perspective and experience with another Beginning to understand other people’s thinking children can systematically compare their own point of view with another person’s.

Answer 34

Recognizing if this other person’s perspective fits with majority and seeing how common these perspectives may be adolescents attempt to understand another’s perspective by comparing it with that of a “generalized other,” assessing whether the person’s view is the same as that of most people in their social group.

Answer 35

Children use social skills to problem solve and aggression is a problem solving technique for kids Hostile attributional bias

Answer 36

a general expectation that others are antagonistic to them This bias leads such children to search for evidence of hostile intent on the part of the peer in the previous scenario and to attribute to the peer a desire to harm them. They are likely to conclude that retaliation is the appropriate response to the peer’s behaviour, making self fulfilling prophecies Some people have a tendency to interpret an ambiguous or vague scenario and say that it is hostile (ex: assuming that someone bumping into you is on purpose and hostile on purpose instead of an accident) ---Eye for an eye mindset ---Becomes self-fulfilling prophecy Early harsh parenting predicts social information-processing biases that persist into early adulthood Children who have been physically abused are particularly likely to attribute anger to others, even in neutral situations The experience of physical abuse may heighten children’s sensitivity to anger cues.

Answer 37

Looking at a larger environment than just parents and peers examine behaviour within the evolutionary context, trying to understand its adaptive or survival value. Apply darwinian concepts of natural selection to human behaviour Larger scale Evolutionary or larger society and how it influences child development

Answer 38

the study of behaviour within an evolutionary context, attempts to understand behaviour in terms of its adaptive or survival value

Answer 39

Parents have a commitment to protect their children because their ultimate goal is to pass on their genes to future generations Doesn’t take into account step or adoptive parents or caretakers who did not birth their kids parents are motivated by the drive to perpetuate their genes, which can happen only if their offspring survive long enough to pass those genes to the next generation.

Answer 40

Rates of child maltreatment are higher for stepparents than biological parents Abuse is targeted toward stepchildren more often than biological children Stepparent treats bio kids better than their step kids according to some theorists

Answer 41

imprinting Babies need to stay close to source of protection and food to survive Narrow window of time where the first thing that animal sees is what they imprint on The basis for imprinting is not actually the baby’s mother per se; rather, these infant animals are genetically predisposed to follow the first moving object that they see after birth or hatching attachment is essentially an emotional version of imprinting

Answer 42

Newborn birds and mammals become attached to the first moving object they see (usually their mother) and follow the object everywhere a process by which newborn birds and mammals of some species become attached to their mother at first sight and follow her everywhere, a behaviour that ensures that the baby will stay near a source of protection and food.

Answer 43

The child’s environment is “a set of nested structures, each inside the next, like a set of Russian dolls” (Bronfenbrenner, 1979). Takes a village to raise a child: every component of life influences child rearing Each structure represents a different level of influence on development. The child is at the centre, with a particular constellation of characteristics

Answer 44

child microsystem mesosystem exosystem macrosystem chronosystem

Answer 45

Child influences own development through genes, age, health, temperament, IQ, personality, etc, which is impacted by 5 levels of development

Answer 46

the activities and relationships in which the child directly participates. Immediate environment and what’s right in front of them. Who child is directly interacting with Parents, teachers, siblings, peers Grows as child grows As child gets older, microsystem includes school, park, sport team, church etc, not just home As child gets older, they’ll have more control and say over who’s in their microsystem bidirectional nature of all relationships within the microsystem. ---For example, the parents’ marital relationship may affect how they treat their child, and their child’s behaviour may, in turn, have an impact on the marital relationship.

Answer 47

encompasses the interconnections amongst microsystems, such as family, peers, and schools. Larger community Interconnections between the microsystem People of microsystem joining forces Ex: for child to achieve academic success, child needs help from parents AND teacher 2 or more microsystemss joined together to create a mesosystem

Answer 48

comprises settings that the child may not directly be a part of but that can still influence development. Larger community Child not directly interacting with this thing, but still impact child development Ex: parent’s workplace: even though child doesn’t go to work, it still impacts them due to schedules, vacation time, stress, etc

Answer 49

consists of the general beliefs, values, customs, and laws of the larger society in which all the other levels are embedded. Outer level Culture and society What society is normal Laws Culture also dictates what is important for healthy child development and what to prioritize in learning Parental leave

Answer 50

Beliefs, values, customs, family structure and dynamics, and technologies change over time, with consequences for the child’s development Not a physical space Temporal dimension How time influences you Historical changes (like 9/11) and how they influence child development Changes that happen to us now influence people of different generations differently

Answer 51

Microsystem ---Residential schools had a profound impact on the lives of the Indigenous children who attended them, severely disrupting the students’ bonds with their parents and extended family ---forced to undergo cultural assimilation; their braids were cut, they were not allowed to speak Indigenous languages, and their Indigenous names were changed to Euro-Canadian ones Mesosystem ---forcible removal of Indigenous children from their families and often to schools far from home created long periods of separation from community and culture Exosystem ---Residential school system was driven by systemic racism, colonial ideologies, and government policies focused on the assimilation and erasure of Indigenous cultures Macrosystem ---Legacy of colonization, cultural suppression, and structural inequalities within Canadian society has perpetuated the mistreatment and systemic discrimination of Indigenous communities Chronosystem ---plays a significant role in understanding the lasting and ongoing legacy of Indian residential schools.

Answer 52

Media are situated in the exosystem, but they are subject to influences from the macrosystem (including cultural values and government policies); from other elements in the exosystem (such as economic pressures); and from the microsystem (such as parental monitoring). The chronosystem is particularly relevant when considering the unprecedented speed of technological development.