Chapter 2 Flashcards
steps to baby
zygote–> embryo (week 3-8) –> fetus (week 9-birth)–> baby
cell division to death steps
cell division–> cell migration–> cell differentiation–> cell death
cell division
mitosis
starts 12 hours post conception
cell migration
cells move to different embryo parts
cell differentiation
location and gene expression
cells specializing to do jobs
these cells start as embryonic stem cells
cell death
Apoptosis
there is a countdown for each type of cell
can create space to build each body part
types of stem cells for cell differentiation
muscle cell
fat cell
bone cell
blood cell
nervous cell
epithelial cell
immune cell
sex cell
chromosome
thread-like structures that carry DNA/ genes
Gamete
reproductive cell
sperm and egg
each half of genetic material
each has one copy of each chromosome
aka germ cells
Produced through meiosis, a form of cell division in which the eggs and sperm receive only one member from each of the 23 chromosome pairs contained in all other cells of the body
conception
the union of two gametes
chromosomes
23 chromosomes
2 haploids= 1 diploid
identical vs fraternal twins
identical (100% same genes)
-1 egg
-1 sperm
-same placenta
- separate amniotic sacs
fraternal (different (50%) genes)
-2 eggs
-2 sperm
-separate placentas
-separate amniotic sacs
Baby’s first support system
amniotic sac
-hold fetus
amniotic fluid
-cushion
Placenta
-sharing between mom and fetus
umbilical cord
-blood vessels, exchange between fetus and placenta
exchange between mom and fetus
mom gives oxygen and nutrients to fetus
fetus gives CO2 and nitrogen (urea) to mom
the active (prenatal) child
the fetus is active in its own development
Fetal experience and behaviour: sight
can process by third trimester
dark in uterus
top heavy lights will be paid attention to more
preference for faces
after 30 weeks post conception, fetus will learn visual stimulus
Fetal experience and behaviour: touch
thumb sucking, grabbing cord, rubbing face, getting used to touch
Fetal experience and behaviour: movement
can move post conception
week 7+, hiccups common
practice swallowing
week 10, practice using lungs, chest in and out
Fetal experience and behaviour: taste
amniotic fluid will change flavour depending on what mom eats
Fetal experience and behaviour: hearing
can be very noisy in uterus
hear heartbeat, breathing, blood flow
heartbeat increases when fetus hears mom speak
reacts to external sounds in third trimester
in tune to pitch and rhythm
after 30 weeks post conception, fetus will learn audio stimulus
prefers to listen to mother’s voice over other women
prefers to listen to language heard in womb
Fetal experience and behaviour: smell
amniotic fluid will take on odour of mom’s food
learn to use nose when practicing breathing
prefers to listen to scents similar to foods mom ate
fetal learning when you have a repeated or continued stimulus
Habituation: decreased response (fetus will get bored after a while of the same stimulus)
Dishabituation: increased response when there’s a change (after change is made, attention is recaptured)
Hazards to prenatal development: miscarriage
pregnancy loss before 20 weeks (still birth after 20 weeks)
spontaneous abortion, 25 % of pregnancies
stillbirths are 1/175 pregnancies
Causes: drugs, alcohol. thyroid, obesity, age, diabetes, smoking, etc
teratogens
an external factor that can cause damage or death during prenatal development
often occurs in combination, cumulative effect on development
dose response relationship
sensitive period
sleeper effect
dose response relationship
increased exposure= increase in severity of effects on fetus
sensitive period
when a fetus is most sensitive to the effects of an external factor (ex: if a toxin is introduced during brain development, it may have worse brain effect than if introduced at a different time)
sleeper effect
impacts of a factor may not be known for many years, takes a long time to test
teratogens: drugs
antidepressants
opioids
marijuana
cigarette smoking: SIDS and low birth weight
Alcohol: FASD
Thalidomide
types of teratogens
drugs and pollution
thalidomide
sedative for sleep and nausea
causes birth defects like shown arms and legs
teratogens: pollution
toxic metals
synthetic hormones
plastics
pesticides and herbicides
wildfire smoke and ash: premature, low birth weight, breathing issues
maternal factors that impact prenatal development
age
nutrition
disease
emotional
Newborns APGAR score
Score: 0-2
appearance (blueness)
pulse
grimace (on stimulation)
activity (movement)
respiration
>= 7 is normal
4-6 is low
<= 3 is critical
within first 5 minutes of birth to see what immediate care is needed
the higher the score, the healthier the baby
babies of colour are often given lower scores than white babies because of appearance section
Negative outcomes: Multiple risk models
factors that make up our identity:
-education
-ethnicity
-culture
-race
-class
-spirituality
-nationality
-language
-religion
-sexuality
-age
-ability
-gender
the more risks a person has, the more wobbly their future may be, and the more future problems they may have
the more times you’re in the minority/ lower status, the more likely you are to experience risks later in your life
prenatal nature and nurture
prenatal development relies on the continual interplay of biological and environmental factors
prenatal active child
the activity of the fetus contributes in numerous vital ways to its development.
sociocultual context of prenatal development and birth
There is substantial cultural variation in how pregnancies and the birth process unfold.
prenatal continuity/ discontinuity
despite the dramatic contrast between prenatal and postnatal life, the behaviour of newborns shows clear connections to their experience inside the womb
prenatal individual differences
comes into play throughout prenatal development and early postnatal life.
prenatal research and children’s welfare
central to our discussion of how poverty can affect prenatal development and birth outcomes, as well as to our description of intervention programs designed to foster healthy development for preterm infants.
hormone influence on sex differentiation
All human fetuses have the potential to develop male or female genitalia (or both)
The presence of androgens, a class of hormones that includes testosterone, leads to the development of male genitalia
If androgens are absent, female genitalia develop
The source of androgens is the male fetus itself, at around 8 weeks after conception
maternal factors: age
Infants born to teenagers who are 15 years or younger are 3 to 4 times more likely to die before their 1st birthday than are those born to young adults between 23 and 29
These higher pregnancy and mortality rates may be related to social and cultural factors such as pressure to marry young, lack of access to contraceptives, and sexual violence
children born to older parents are at heightened risk for developmental disorders such as autism
The causal pathways linking each parent to their infants’ developmental outcomes are likely different, since only the pregnant parent contributes to prenatal environments and birth circumstances. The other parent’s contributions may lie more in mutations and other chromosomal abnormalities
Maternal factors: nutrition
pregnant parents who get too little folic acid (a form of B vitamin) are at high risk for having an infant with a neural tube defect such as spina bifida
Because malnutrition is more common in low-income families, it often coincides with the host of other risk factors associated with poverty, making it difficult to isolate its effects on prenatal development
maternal factors: maternal emotional state
effects of maternal stress on birth weight and later antisocial behaviour, in both related and unrelated mother–fetus pairs, suggesting that the prenatal environment, not shared genetics, was the strongest predictor of later outcomes.
for measures of child anxiety, the results suggest that postnatal maternal stress, not prenatal maternal stress, was the strongest predictor of later outcomes.
maternal factors: disease
Although most illnesses that occur during a pregnancy have no impact on the fetus, some do
Resilient children often have two factors in their favour:
(1) certain personal characteristics, especially intelligence, responsiveness to others, and a sense of being capable of achieving their goals;
(2) responsive care from someone.
personal traits combined with a supportive environment can help us understand remarkable successes in the face of developmental challenges.
crying
Over time, crying increases, peaking around 6 to 8 weeks of age. Crying behaviour tends to decrease in frequency around 3 to 4 months of age
newborn infant, birth
Approximately 38 weeks after conception, the baby is ready to be born
Preterm babies are babies born before 37 weeks
macrosomic births are births of very large babies
strongest predictors of infant hospitalizations due to child abuse
preterm birth and extended stay in the NICU
