Chapter 5 Flashcards
stWhat are the visual capabilities of newborns?
Newborns have poor acuity, low contrast sensitivity, and minimal colour vision.
Newborns begin visually scanning the world minutes after birth and prefer strongly contrasted patterns, including faces.
What does the term ‘object segregation’ refer to?
The ability to identify object boundaries.
identification of separate objects om a visual space
True or False: Young infants cannot remember objects that are no longer visible.
False.
What is the auditory localization ability in newborns?
The ability to detect where a sound is coming from.
What is the significance of the preferential-looking technique in infant research?
It infers that if an infant looks longer at one image, they can discriminate between them and prefer one over the other.
two conclusions: infant can tell they are different pictures, infant prefers one picture over the other
What is visual acuity?
The ability to determine how clearly infants can see. Sharpness or clarity of vision
Fill in the blank: By 2 months of age, infants’ colour vision is similar to that of _______.
adults.
What are smooth pursuit eye movements?
Movements where the viewer’s gaze shifts at the same speed and angle as a moving object.
What is perceptual constancy?
The perception of a constant shape and size despite changes in perspective.
What is the violation-of-expectancy method?
A method where infants are surprised by events inconsistent with their knowledge about the world and will pay more attention to impossible events than possible ones
involves showing infants impossible events that should evoke surprise or interest
What is optical expansion in depth perception?
A cue where the visual image of an object increases in size as it approaches.
What is binocular disparity?
The phenomenon where the eyes send different signals to the brain based on the distance of an object.
What is stereopsis?
The visual cortex’s computation of disparity between the eyes’ differing neural signals to produce depth perception.
Define monocular depth cues.
Depth cues that require only one eye, also known as pictorial cues.
What are affordances in the context of infant motor development?
The possibilities for action offered by objects and situations.
the feasible options for action of objects of situation
learning how to move in body and how that impacts them and things/objects around them
(thinking about ways the body and objects move, work, and their limitations)
for example, that small objects—but not large ones—afford the possibility of being picked up
What are pre-reaching movements?
Clumsy swiping in the general vicinity of objects.
What is self-locomotion?
The ability of infants to move around in their environment on their own.
What are scale errors in child development?
Errors where children attempt actions on miniature objects that are too small for their size.
List the seven forms of learning present in infancy.
- Habituation
- Operant/instrumental conditioning
- Observational learning/imitation
- Classical conditioning
- Statistical learning
- Rational learning
- Active learning
What is classical conditioning?
A learning process where an association is formed between a natural stimulus and a neutral stimulus.
What is the ‘Goldilocks effect’ in infant learning?
The preference for patterns that have some variability, avoiding those that are too easy or too hard.
What is instrumental operant conditioning?
Learning the relationship between a behavior and its consequences, typically involving positive reinforcement.
What does observational learning involve?
Learning by watching and imitating the behavior of others.
What is rational learning in infants?
Using prior experience to generate expectations about future events, but will adjust expectations based on what is learned
Fill in the blank: Infants learn by _______ in the world.
acting. via active learning. We learn by doing and engaging with the world
What is the significance of individuating items for infants?
It makes items easier to encode and remember.
What is statistical learning
A related type of learning involves detecting statistical patterns. The environment contains a high degree of regularity and redundancy: certain events occur in a predictable order, certain objects appear at the same time and place, and so on
What are grasp errors
errors in which the child tries to pick up an object from a 2-D representation
What are media errors
errors in which a child using interactive technology tries to pass or receive an object through a screen
what are reflexes
tightly organized patterns of action
some have clear adaptive value, while others have no known adaptive significance
motor development proceeds rapidly in infancy through a series of
“motor milestones,”
explain the McGurk Effect
To elicit this illusion, the auditory syllable ba is dubbed onto a video of a person speaking the syllable ga. Someone watching this display will hear the syllable da, which is intermediate between ba and ga. To experience this illusion, the perceiver must be able to integrate auditory and visual information together.
what is melodic perception
which infants can make perceptual discriminations that adults cannot
what is sensation
refers to the processing of information from the external world by receptors in the sense organs (eyes, ears, skin, and so forth) and brain.
what is perception
the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information about the world around us.
Explain how visual acuity paddles work
the black and white lines get closer together until the infant can’t distinguish between them and gets bored, due to low contrast
what is contrast sensitivity
the ability to detect differences in light and dark areas of a visual
visual scanning
something attracting attention to one specific area. fir faces, infants will notice the borders, where the hair and skin meet due to it being a high contrast area. fixation on eyes and mouth as well
facial perception: what are infants drawn to?
faces
objects with busier upper halves
caregiver’s faces
faces of the same gender/ race as caretaker
attractive (symmetrical) faces
auditory perception challenges in infants
smaller heads make it harder to identify which side the sound arrived first
no auditory spatial map means that they haven’t figured out what things make what sounds and where those things are
what timing of exposures may affect infant taste?
prenatal environment
what type of flavour has the strongest research?
bitter flavours
food neophobia
avoiding an unfamiliar food. tied to smell
what scents are infants drawn to
breastmilk
mother
infants differentiate between ______ through touch
objects
what are six important infant reflexes to know
rooting
moro (startle)
sucking and swallowing
grasping
tonic neck
stepping or dancing with fee when being held upright with feet touching a solid surface
rooting reflex
turning of head and opening mouth in the direction of a touch
moro (startle) reflex
throwing back head and extending arms, then rapidly drawing them in in response to a loud sound or sudden movement
sucking or swallowing reflex
oral response when the roof of the mouth is stimulated
grasping reflex
closing fingers around an object pressed into palm
tonic neck
when head turns or is positioned to one side, arms on that side of the body extend, while arm and knee on other side flex
what are some motor milestones
lifts head
rolls over
chest up, use arms for support
support some weight with legs
sits without support
stands with support
pulls self up to stand
walking using furniture for support
stand alone easily
walk alone easily
sticky mitts experiment
home alone sticky bandit, stuff sticks= more successful grab and more confidence in exploring environment
discuss the social component of reaching
infant knows they are more likely to complete reaching goals when they have help
what are the seven types of crawling
classic crawling
belly crawling
bear
crab
leapfrog
bottom scooter
roll
types of crawling: classic
lift belly off floor, quicker, less energy
types of crawling: bear
similar to classic, but arms and legs are straight. knees don’t touch the floor
types of crawling: belly
only lift top part of body (commando crawling)
types of crawling: crab
push with arms, sends baby sliding backwards or sideways
types of crawling: leapfrog
similar to bear position, lifts upper body and uses legs to propel body forward
types of crawling: bottom scooter
sit upright, scoot on bum, use arms to pull self forward
types of crawling: roll
roll with whole body instead of using hands and legs. fast. can’t do sharp turns
what does walking look like at first?
hands in air for balance
flexing at hip and knee to get lower to ground
feet wide apart for stability
visual cliff experiment
helps determine visual depth
can’t coax child over cliff (which is actually a glass floor0
the child recognizes the depth and refuses to go where it perceives is dangerous
