Chapter 9: Social and Emotional Development Flashcards
what are feelings?
feeling or “affect”
feelings include…?
-physiological arousal (fast heartbeat)
-conscious experience (positive/negative)
-behavioral expressions (smile, run)
ex/ alone-someone comes in…(visualizing speaking)
What are emotions influenced by?
biological foundations
ex/ blind from birth- still smile and frown
Facial Expressions of basic emotions
same across cultures
Emotion display rules
when, where, and how emotions should be expressed
are display rules culturally universal?
no
Reflexive Smile (Infant Smile)
does not occur in response to external stimuli; happens during the MONTH AFTER BIRTH, usually during irregular patterns of sleep
social smile (infant smile)
response to external stimulus; typically in response to a face (2-3 months usually)
Early Development changes in Emotion
…
Primary Emotions
-present in humans appear in FIRST SIX MONTHS of life
***Fake smiling!
-brain cannot tell difference between a real and fake smile
-the same neurotransmitters are produced in the brains (endorphins, serotonin)
“smile you will feel better”
Self Conscious Emotions
require cognition; appear for the first time from the middle of the second year through the middle of the third year of life
Pride
pleasure or satisfaction taken in an achievement, possession, or associated
Shame
(guild, embarrassment, unworthiness, disgrace)
Temperament
individuals behavioral style and characteristic way of emotional response
- biological and emotional foundations of PERSONALITY
Biological Foundations of Temperament
physiological characteristics are associated with different temperaments
Heredity is an aspect of…?
biological foundations of temperament
Classifying Temperament (chess and thomas)
- easy
- difficult
- slow to warm up
easy (40%)
- 40%
- positive mood; quickly establishes routines; adapts easily to new experiences
difficult (10%)
-reacts negatively; cries fequently; engages in irregular routinesl slow to accept new experiences
slow to warm up (15%)
low activity level; somewhat negative; shows low adaptability
Classifying Temperament (kagans behavioral inhibition)
differences between children
- shy, subdued, and timid
- sociable extraverted, bold
- inhibition shows considerable stability from infancy through EARLY childhood
Biological Basis of Shyness and Sociability
-in shy, inhibited children, MINIMAL stimulation is necessary to excite the amygdala and its connections to the cerebral cortex (top of brain the we oxyinate)
childrren
Biological basis of shyness and sociability (social, uninhibited children)
the SAME level of stimulation from above, evokes minimal excitation in the high excitation in the highly social, uninhibited children
Shy infants and preschoolers frontal brain activity?
they display greater RIGHT frontal brain activity
Sociable children display greater ____ brain activty?
LEFT frontal
What is the left cortial hemisphere specialized to respond to?
-positive emotion
What is the right hemisphere associated with>
-negative emotion
Biology is not necessarily _____?
destiny
Goodness of Fit
-match between child’s temperament and environmental demands
Temperament and Adaptive Parenting
- pay attention and respect child’s individuality
- structure childs environment to provide as good a fit as possible with childs temperament
- avoid labeling a child as “difficult” (self-full filling prophesy)
introversion
reserved, quiet, shy behavior
extroversion
outgoing, talkative, energetic behavior
Shyness vs. Introversion
- shyness is about fear of social judgement
- introversion is about HOW you respond to stimulation (including social stimulation)
Attachment
close emotional bond between two people
Freud’s Theory of attachment?
-infants become attached to the person or object that provides oral satisfaction (feed them-> attached)
Harlow Study?
infant monkey feed from wire surrogates, but spend the most time with cloth surrogates
- NEED LOVE
- refutes Freuds theory
Eriksons theory of attachment?
-first year of life is key time for development of attachment (trust/mistrust)
Bowlbys theory of attachment?
-also stresses importance of attachment in first year, as well as responsiveness of caregiver (similar to Erikson)
Importance of Touch
-orphanages romania
Borderline Personality Disorder
(related to early neglect/abuse)
Development of fear in infants
…
stranger anxiety
infants fear and wariness of strangers (8-9 months)
-normal stage of developement
separation protest
-infants distress to being separated from caregiver (peaks at 15 months)
Social Referencing
- “reading” emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation
- second yr of like- infants 14-22 months old were more likely to look at mothers face as a source of info for how to act in a situation
“The Strange Situation”
-Mary Ainsworth’s measure of infant attachment to caregiver
-requires infants to move through a series of introductions, separations, and reunions
(secure attachment)
Attachment Categories
(4 of them)
securely attached
-caregiver is secure base to explore environment from
insecure avoidant
-shows insecurity by avoiding the caregiver
insecure resistant
-clings to caregiver, then resists by fighting against the closeness
insecure disorganized
-shows insecurity by being disorganized, disorientated
Caregiving styles and attachment classification
category and caregiver behavior
secure
caregiver is sensitive to signals and available to infant
insecure avoidant
unavailable or neglecting
insecure resistant
inconsistent (alcoholic)
insecure disorganized
neglect or physical abuse
The significance of attachment
…
Ainsworth
secure attachment in first year provides important foundation for psychological development
BUT…(kagan)
some developmentalists believe too much emphasis is placed on attachment bond in infancy
-(ignores diversity of socializing agents and contexts that exists in an infant’s world)
“It is better to raise a child than…._______”
fix an aduly
Adolescence attachment to parents
4 categories
secure attachment
to both parents positively related to peer and friendship relations
dismissing/avoidant attachment
de-emphasive importance due to caregiver rejection
preoccupied/ambivalent attachment
insecure adolescent due to inconsistent parenting “I miss my daddy outfits”
unresolved/disorganized attachment
insecure adolescent, high fear due to traumatic experiences (abuse, etc)
Socioemotional Selectivity Theory
- older adults more selective about their networkd
- place high value on emotional satisfaction and maximize positive emotional experiences
- spend more time with familiar individuals providing rewarding relationships
- seek more emotion-related goals than knowledge-related goals
Teens still need us
-latch-key teens lead to teen drug use and teen pregnancy between (3-6 PM)
TEXTBOOK
…
amygdala (brains temporal lobe) and emotions
-provides link between perception of an emotions- producing stimulus and later memory of that stimulus
Emotional Self-regulation
capability to adjust ones emotions to a desired state and level of intensity (adolescnece)
disengagement theory
the period in late adulthood that marks a gradual withdrawal from the world on physical, psychological, and social levels
activity theory
successful aging occurs when people maintain the interests, activities, and social interactions with which they were involved during middle age
continuity theory
people need to maintain their desired level of involvement in society in order to maximize their sense of well-being and self-esteem
personality
sum total of enduring characteristics that differentiate one individual from another
temperament
patterns of arousal and emotionality that are consistent and enduring characteristics of an individual
erikson autonomy vs. shame and doubt stage
(18 months to 3 years) develop independence and autonomy if they are allowed freedom to explore, or shame and self doubt if they are restricted and overprotected
Erikson- initiative vs. guilt stage
3-6 years experience conflict between independence of action and sometimes negative results of that action
industry vs. inferiority stage
(6-12 yrs) focus on efforts to attain competence in meeting the challenges presented by parents, peers, school, and the other complexities of the modern world
identity vs. identity confusion stage
teenagers seek to determine what is unique and distinctive about themselves
intimacy vs. isolation stage
period of post adolescence into the early 30’s that focuses on developing close relationships with others
generativity vs stagnation stage
middle adulthood in which people consider contributions to family and society
ego-integrity vs despair stage
final stage of life, process of looking back over one’s life, evaluating it and coming to terms with it
Big five personality Traits (OCEAN)
Openness
Conscientiousness (organized and responsible)
Extraversion (how outgoing or shy)
Agreeableness
Neuroticism (moody, anxious, and self-critical)
