Chapter 1: Orientation to Lifespan Development Flashcards
1
Q
Louise Brown
A
Worlds first test tube baby
2
Q
Developmentalists study?
A
how our biological inheritance and environments affect behavior, personality, and potential
3
Q
Lifespan Development
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pattern of change that begins at conception and continues throughout life until death
4
Q
TOPIC AREAS IN LIFESPAN DEVELOPMENT
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Physical, Cognitive, Personality, Social
5
Q
physical development
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examining ways in which the bodys makeup and need for food and drink and sleep helps determine behavior
6
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cognitive development
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how growth and change in intelectual capabilites influence a persons behavior
7
Q
personality development
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stabiliyu and change in characteristics that differentiate one person from another
8
Q
social development
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individuals interactions and relationships with others grow, change and remain stable
9
Q
Views of Child development- original sin view
A
children born into world corrupted with inclination toward evil
10
Q
Views of Child Development- tabla rasa view
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children born as “blank slate” and aquire characteristics through experience (Locke)
11
Q
Views of Child Development- innate goodness view
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children born inherently good (Rousseau)
12
Q
Adult Development- Lifespan
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approx 120 years for humans (has not changed)
13
Q
Adult Development- Life Expectancy
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of years person expected to live on average when born in a particular year (changes)
14
Q
LIFESPAN PERSPECTIVE
A
_
15
Q
lifelong
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conception to dealth
16
Q
multidimensional
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biological, cognitive, socioemotional components
17
Q
multidirectional
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gains and losses at each stage
18
Q
plasticity
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(stability/change)- degree to which early traits and characteristics persist through life or change
19
Q
multidisciplinary
A
takes into account disciples (physcholoy, anthropology, biology, etc)
20
Q
contextual
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influencd by social, historical, cultural contexts
21
Q
INFLUENCES OF DEVELOPMENT
A
..
22
Q
normative AGE(graded influences)
A
biological and environmental influences similar for individuals in a particular age group
23
Q
normative HISTORY(graded influences)
A
biological and environmental influences assoiciated with history
24
Q
cohort (history graded influence)
A
group of people born around the same time in which they live. Social events have similar influences on members of particular cohort
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non-normative life events
unusual occurrences that have a major impact on a person's life
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sociocultural graded influences
social and cultural factors present at a particular time for a particular individual, depending on ethnicity, social class, subcultural membership
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DEVELOPMENTAL ISSUES
...
27
...
Extent to which development is influenced by biology (nature) and by the environment (nurture)
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....
Extent development involves gradual, cumulative change (continuity) or distinct stages (discontinuity)
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Nature and Nuture
nature- influenced by biology, genes, heredity
nurture- environment, learning experiences
Interactionist view: nature and nurture interact
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stability and change
.
31
continuity and discontinuity
gradual, cumulative change, building on previous levels QUANTITATIVE (cont)
distinct stages, QUALITATIVE different from behavior at earlier stages (discont)
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CONCEPTIONS OF AGE
...
33
chronological age
number of years elapsed since person's birth
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biological age
age in terms of biological health
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psychological age
individuals adaptive capacities
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social age
social roles and expectations related to person's age
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PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT
...
38
prenatal
conception to birth
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infancy and toddlerhood
birth to 3
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preschool period
3-6
41
middle and late childhood
6-12
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adolescence
12-20
43
young adulthood
20-40
44
middle adulthood
40-60
45
late adulthood
60+
46
critical period
specific time during development when a particular event has greatest consequences(stimuli needed to proceed normally)
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sensitive period
organisms are susceptible to certain kinds of stimuli in their environments, BUT absence of stimuli does not always produce irreversible consequences
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maturation
predetermined unfolding of genetic information (nature)
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fixation
behavior reflecting earlier stage of development due to unresolved conflict
50
theory
coherent set of ideas that helps to explain data and make predictions
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paradigms
ways of thinking; ways of framing thinking
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PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORIES
development depends primarily on unconsious mind...emotion, behavior is surface characteristic, analyza symbolic meaning of behavior, early experiences important in development
behavior motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts beyond peoples awareness or control
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freuds psychosexual (analytic) theory
id, ego, superego
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id
"pleasure principle", born with, satisfy demands of libido(sexual energy),max please and minimize pain
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ego
"reality principle" 2-3, intergrate into society, socially acceptable, compromise with id
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superego
"morality principle" perfect human, shoulding, right and wrong, 5-6
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freuds psychosexual theory
pleasure and gratification focused on particular biological function and body part
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oral
12-18 month sucking biting eating
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anal
up to three years, potty training
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phallic
3 to 5-6 years, interest in genitals, same sex parents
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latency
5-6 to adolescence, gaining friendship
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genital
adolescence to adulthood, sexual energy and relationships
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ERIKSONS PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY
8 stages of development
unique task confronts individuals with crisis to be resolved
positive resolution of crisis builds foundations for healthy development
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infancy
trust vs. mistrust
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toddlerhood
autonomy vs. shame and doubt (do yourself)
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early childhood
initiative vs. guilt
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middle/late childhood
industry vs. inferiority (sense of competence, no sense of mastery)
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adolescence
identity vs. identity confusion
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early adulthood
intimacy vs. isolation (sexual relationships)
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middle adulthood
generativity vs. stagnation (contribution to continuity of life)
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late adulthood
integrity vs. despair (did right thing, life was a waste)
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BEHAVIOR THEORIES
behavior observed and external
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classical conditioning(pair UCS/CS)
)- type of learning in which an organism responds to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response
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Pavlovs experiment
dog food (UCS) saliva (UCR and CR) and bell (CS)
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Watson's experiment
UCS- loud noise
UCR- fear
CS- rat
CR- fear
76
operant conditioning
skinner- development consists of patterns of behavior change that is brought by rewards and punishments
77
social-cognitive theories
behavior, environment, and person/cognition are important development factors
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bandura (social cognitive theory)
observational learning, imitation/modeling
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COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE
approach that focuses on the processes that allow people to know, understand, and think about the world (internal)
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piagets theory of cognitive development
- quantity of information increases at each stage, and quality of knowledge and understanding changes as well. Human thinking arranged into schemes
each stage, distinct way of thinking
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organization/assimilation
organize experiences to make sense of them
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adaptation/ accommodation
adapt thinking to include new ideas
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piagets four stages
sensorimotor
preoperational
concrete operational
formal operational
84
*information processing approaches
models that seek to identify the ways individuals take in, use, and store information
85
*neo-piagetian theory
cognition made up of different types of individual skills…cognitive development proceeds quickly in certain areas and more slowly in others…experience plays a greater role
86
cognitive neuroscience approaches
approaches that examine cognitive development through the lens of brain processes
• seek to identify actual locations and functions of brain related to different types of cognitive activity
87
HUMANISTICE PERSPECTIVE(not major impact on lifespan dev field)
people have a natural capacity to make decisions about their lives and control their body FREE WILL: make choices and come to decisions about their lives instead of relying on societal standards
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Self-actualization (Rogers and Maslow)
state of self-fulfillment in which people achieve their highest potential in their own unique way
Rogers (need positive regard to be loved and respected) how others view us
89
CONTEXTUAL THEORIES
development viewed in terms of interrelationships (between individuals and their physical, cognitive, personality, and social worlds), brofen, vygotsky
90
BioEcological Approach (Bronfenbrenner)
influenced by five environmental systems
91
Ecological Theory- 5
MICROSYSTEM- immediate environment (family, peers, schools, neighborhood)
MESOSYSTEM- relationships among mico(family to school, school to church)
EXOSYSTEM- experience in other social settings (not active role but still influenced by it, media,)
MACROSYSTEM- culture (all systems embedded here, type of gov, religion, political values)
CHRONOSYSTEM- over time (environmental events, woman working outside home)
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Sociocultural Cognitive Theory- Vygotsky
culture and social interaction guide cognitive development, knowledge is "collaborative"- social interaction with more skilled adults and peers advances cognitive development
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EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE
theory that seeks to identify behavior that is a result of our genetic inheritance from our ancestors
94
ethological theory (Lorenz)
strongly influenced by biology, tied to evolutions, critical and sensitive periods
(baby geese attached to first moving object)
95
eclectic theoretical orientation
does not follow any one approach
selects based on situation the best in each theory
"toolbox of theories"
96
scientific method
process of posing and answering questions using careful controlled techniques that include systematic, orderly observation and the collection of data
97
METHODS FOR COLLECTING DATA
OBSERVATION (laboratory- controlled setting, naturalistic observation-observing behavior in real world setting)
SURVEY AND INTERVIEW
STANDARDIZED TEST- uniform procedures for administration and scoring
PSYCHOPHYSICAL
CASE STUDY (indepth look at individual)
LIFE HISTORY RECORD ( what person was like growing up)
98
EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE
theory that seeks to identify behavior that is a result of our genetic inheritance from our ancestors
99
ethological theory (Lorenz)
strongly influenced by biology, tied to evolutions, critical and sensitive periods
(baby geese attached to first moving object)
100
eclectic theoretical orientation
does not follow any one approach
selects based on situation the best in each theory
"toolbox of theories"
101
scientific method
process of posing and answering questions using careful controlled techniques that include systematic, orderly observation and the collection of data
102
METHODS FOR COLLECTING DATA
OBSERVATION (laboratory- conttolled setting, naturalistic observation-observing behavior in real world setting)
SURVEY AND INTERVIEW
STANDARDIZED TEST- uniform procedures for administration and scoring
103
RESEARCH DESIGNS
...
104
descriptive research
observes and records behavior
105
correlational research
strenth of relationship between events or characteristics
106
correlation coefficient
degree of associated between two variables
| -1 to +1...higher coefficient the higher the association
107
experimental research
carefully regulated procedures in which one or more factors are manipulated while all others held constant
108
field study
natural occurring setting (correlational and exper)
109
lab sutdy
conducted in controlled setting designed to hold events constant
110
theoretical research
research designed specifically to test some developmental explanation and expand scientific knowledge
111
applied research
research meant to provide practical solutions to immediate problems.
112
longitudinal approach
same individuals studied over period of time
113
cross-sectional approach
people diff ages compared at same time
114
sequential approach
both long and cross
115
research ethics
informed consent
confidentiality
deception
debriefing
116
RESEARCH DESIGNS
...
117
descriptive research
observes and records behavior
118
correlational research
strenth of relationship between events or characteristics
119
correlation coefficient
degree of associated between two variables
| -1 to +1...higher coefficient the higher the association
120
experimental research
carefully regulated procedures in which one or more factors are manipulated while all others held constant
121
field study
natural occuring setting (correlational and exper)
122
lab sutdy
conducted in controlled setting designed to hold events constand
123
theoretical research
research designed specifically to test some developmental explanation and expand scientific knowledge
124
applied research
research meant to provide practical solutions to immediate problems.
125
longitudinal approach
same individuals studied over period of time
126
cross-sectional approach
people diff ages compared at same time
127
sequential approach
both long and cross
128
research ethics
informed consent
confidentiality
deception
debriefing
129
RESEARCH DESIGNS
...
130
descriptive research
observes and records behavior
131
correlational research
strenth of relationship between events or characteristics
132
correlation coefficient
degree of associated between two variables
| -1 to +1...higher coefficient the higher the association
133
experimental research
carefully regulated procedures in which one or more factors are manipulated while all others held constant
134
field study
natural occurring setting (correlational and exper)
135
lab sutdy
conducted in controlled setting designed to hold events constant
136
theoretical research
research designed specifically to test some developmental explanation and expand scientific knowledge
137
applied research
research meant to provide practical solutions to immediate problems.
138
longitudinal approach
same individuals studied over period of time
139
cross-sectional approach
people diff ages compared at same time
140
sequential approach
both long and cross
141
research ethics
informed consent
confidentiality
deception
debriefing
142
RESEARCH DESIGNS
...
143
descriptive research
observes and records behavior
144
correlational research
strenth of relationship between events or characteristics
145
correlation coefficient
degree of associated between two variables
| -1 to +1...higher coefficient the higher the association
146
experimental research
carefully regulated procedures in which one or more factors are manipulated while all others held constant
147
field study
natural occurring setting (correlational and exper)
148
lab sutdy
conducted in controlled setting designed to hold events constant
149
theoretical research
research designed specifically to test some developmental explanation and expand scientific knowledge
150
applied research
research meant to provide practical solutions to immediate problems.
151
longitudinal approach
same individuals studied over period of time
152
cross-sectional approach
people diff ages compared at same time
153
sequential approach
both long and cross
154
research ethics
informed consent
confidentiality
deception
debriefing
155
RESEARCH DESIGNS
...
156
descriptive research
observes and records behavior
157
correlational research
strenth of relationship between events or characteristics
158
correlation coefficient
degree of associated between two variables
| -1 to +1...higher coefficient the higher the association
159
experimental research
carefully regulated procedures in which one or more factors are manipulated while all others held constant
160
field study
natural occuring setting (correlational and exper)
161
lab sutdy
conducted in controlled setting designed to hold events constand
162
theoretical research
research designed specifically to test some developmental explanation and expand scientific knowledge
163
applied research
research meant to provide practical solutions to immediate problems.
164
longitudinal approach
same individuals studied over period of time
165
cross-sectional approach
people diff ages compared at same time
166
sequential approach
both long and cross
167
research ethics
informed consent
confidentiality
deception
debriefing
