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GPSYC 160 > Chapter 1: Orientation to Lifespan Development > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Orientation to Lifespan Development Flashcards

1
Q

Louise Brown

A

Worlds first test tube baby

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2
Q

Developmentalists study?

A

how our biological inheritance and environments affect behavior, personality, and potential

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3
Q

Lifespan Development

A

pattern of change that begins at conception and continues throughout life until death

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4
Q

TOPIC AREAS IN LIFESPAN DEVELOPMENT

A

Physical, Cognitive, Personality, Social

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5
Q

physical development

A

examining ways in which the bodys makeup and need for food and drink and sleep helps determine behavior

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6
Q

cognitive development

A

how growth and change in intelectual capabilites influence a persons behavior

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7
Q

personality development

A

stabiliyu and change in characteristics that differentiate one person from another

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8
Q

social development

A

individuals interactions and relationships with others grow, change and remain stable

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9
Q

Views of Child development- original sin view

A

children born into world corrupted with inclination toward evil

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10
Q

Views of Child Development- tabla rasa view

A

children born as “blank slate” and aquire characteristics through experience (Locke)

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11
Q

Views of Child Development- innate goodness view

A

children born inherently good (Rousseau)

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12
Q

Adult Development- Lifespan

A

approx 120 years for humans (has not changed)

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13
Q

Adult Development- Life Expectancy

A

of years person expected to live on average when born in a particular year (changes)

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14
Q

LIFESPAN PERSPECTIVE

A

_

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15
Q

lifelong

A

conception to dealth

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16
Q

multidimensional

A

biological, cognitive, socioemotional components

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17
Q

multidirectional

A

gains and losses at each stage

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18
Q

plasticity

A

(stability/change)- degree to which early traits and characteristics persist through life or change

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19
Q

multidisciplinary

A

takes into account disciples (physcholoy, anthropology, biology, etc)

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20
Q

contextual

A

influencd by social, historical, cultural contexts

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21
Q

INFLUENCES OF DEVELOPMENT

A

..

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22
Q

normative AGE(graded influences)

A

biological and environmental influences similar for individuals in a particular age group

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23
Q

normative HISTORY(graded influences)

A

biological and environmental influences assoiciated with history

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24
Q

cohort (history graded influence)

A

group of people born around the same time in which they live. Social events have similar influences on members of particular cohort

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25
Q

non-normative life events

A

unusual occurrences that have a major impact on a person’s life

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25
Q

sociocultural graded influences

A

social and cultural factors present at a particular time for a particular individual, depending on ethnicity, social class, subcultural membership

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26
Q

DEVELOPMENTAL ISSUES

A

…

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27
Q

…

A

Extent to which development is influenced by biology (nature) and by the environment (nurture)

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28
Q

….

A

Extent development involves gradual, cumulative change (continuity) or distinct stages (discontinuity)

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29
Q

Nature and Nuture

A

nature- influenced by biology, genes, heredity
nurture- environment, learning experiences
Interactionist view: nature and nurture interact

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30
Q

stability and change

A

.

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31
Q

continuity and discontinuity

A

gradual, cumulative change, building on previous levels QUANTITATIVE (cont)
distinct stages, QUALITATIVE different from behavior at earlier stages (discont)

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32
Q

CONCEPTIONS OF AGE

A

…

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33
Q

chronological age

A

number of years elapsed since person’s birth

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34
Q

biological age

A

age in terms of biological health

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35
Q

psychological age

A

individuals adaptive capacities

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36
Q

social age

A

social roles and expectations related to person’s age

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37
Q

PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT

A

…

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38
Q

prenatal

A

conception to birth

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39
Q

infancy and toddlerhood

A

birth to 3

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40
Q

preschool period

A

3-6

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41
Q

middle and late childhood

A

6-12

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42
Q

adolescence

A

12-20

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43
Q

young adulthood

A

20-40

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44
Q

middle adulthood

A

40-60

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45
Q

late adulthood

A

60+

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46
Q

critical period

A

specific time during development when a particular event has greatest consequences(stimuli needed to proceed normally)

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47
Q

sensitive period

A

organisms are susceptible to certain kinds of stimuli in their environments, BUT absence of stimuli does not always produce irreversible consequences

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48
Q

maturation

A

predetermined unfolding of genetic information (nature)

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49
Q

fixation

A

behavior reflecting earlier stage of development due to unresolved conflict

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50
Q

theory

A

coherent set of ideas that helps to explain data and make predictions

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51
Q

paradigms

A

ways of thinking; ways of framing thinking

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52
Q

PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORIES

A

development depends primarily on unconsious mind…emotion, behavior is surface characteristic, analyza symbolic meaning of behavior, early experiences important in development
behavior motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts beyond peoples awareness or control

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53
Q

freuds psychosexual (analytic) theory

A

id, ego, superego

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54
Q

id

A

“pleasure principle”, born with, satisfy demands of libido(sexual energy),max please and minimize pain

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55
Q

ego

A

“reality principle” 2-3, intergrate into society, socially acceptable, compromise with id

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56
Q

superego

A

“morality principle” perfect human, shoulding, right and wrong, 5-6

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57
Q

freuds psychosexual theory

A

pleasure and gratification focused on particular biological function and body part

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58
Q

oral

A

12-18 month sucking biting eating

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59
Q

anal

A

up to three years, potty training

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60
Q

phallic

A

3 to 5-6 years, interest in genitals, same sex parents

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61
Q

latency

A

5-6 to adolescence, gaining friendship

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62
Q

genital

A

adolescence to adulthood, sexual energy and relationships

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63
Q

ERIKSONS PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY

A

8 stages of development
unique task confronts individuals with crisis to be resolved
positive resolution of crisis builds foundations for healthy development

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64
Q

infancy

A

trust vs. mistrust

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65
Q

toddlerhood

A

autonomy vs. shame and doubt (do yourself)

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66
Q

early childhood

A

initiative vs. guilt

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67
Q

middle/late childhood

A

industry vs. inferiority (sense of competence, no sense of mastery)

68
Q

adolescence

A

identity vs. identity confusion

69
Q

early adulthood

A

intimacy vs. isolation (sexual relationships)

70
Q

middle adulthood

A

generativity vs. stagnation (contribution to continuity of life)

71
Q

late adulthood

A

integrity vs. despair (did right thing, life was a waste)

72
Q

BEHAVIOR THEORIES

A

behavior observed and external

73
Q

classical conditioning(pair UCS/CS)

A

)- type of learning in which an organism responds to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response

74
Q

Pavlovs experiment

A

dog food (UCS) saliva (UCR and CR) and bell (CS)

75
Q

Watson’s experiment

A

UCS- loud noise
UCR- fear
CS- rat
CR- fear

76
Q

operant conditioning

A

skinner- development consists of patterns of behavior change that is brought by rewards and punishments

77
Q

social-cognitive theories

A

behavior, environment, and person/cognition are important development factors

78
Q

bandura (social cognitive theory)

A

observational learning, imitation/modeling

79
Q

COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE

A

approach that focuses on the processes that allow people to know, understand, and think about the world (internal)

80
Q

piagets theory of cognitive development

A
  • quantity of information increases at each stage, and quality of knowledge and understanding changes as well. Human thinking arranged into schemes
    each stage, distinct way of thinking
81
Q

organization/assimilation

A

organize experiences to make sense of them

82
Q

adaptation/ accommodation

A

adapt thinking to include new ideas

83
Q

piagets four stages

A

sensorimotor
preoperational
concrete operational
formal operational

84
Q

*information processing approaches

A

models that seek to identify the ways individuals take in, use, and store information

85
Q

*neo-piagetian theory

A

cognition made up of different types of individual skills…cognitive development proceeds quickly in certain areas and more slowly in others…experience plays a greater role

86
Q

cognitive neuroscience approaches

A

approaches that examine cognitive development through the lens of brain processes
• seek to identify actual locations and functions of brain related to different types of cognitive activity

87
Q

HUMANISTICE PERSPECTIVE(not major impact on lifespan dev field)

A

people have a natural capacity to make decisions about their lives and control their body FREE WILL: make choices and come to decisions about their lives instead of relying on societal standards

88
Q

Self-actualization (Rogers and Maslow)

A

state of self-fulfillment in which people achieve their highest potential in their own unique way
Rogers (need positive regard to be loved and respected) how others view us

89
Q

CONTEXTUAL THEORIES

A

development viewed in terms of interrelationships (between individuals and their physical, cognitive, personality, and social worlds), brofen, vygotsky

90
Q

BioEcological Approach (Bronfenbrenner)

A

influenced by five environmental systems

91
Q

Ecological Theory- 5

A

MICROSYSTEM- immediate environment (family, peers, schools, neighborhood)
MESOSYSTEM- relationships among mico(family to school, school to church)
EXOSYSTEM- experience in other social settings (not active role but still influenced by it, media,)
MACROSYSTEM- culture (all systems embedded here, type of gov, religion, political values)
CHRONOSYSTEM- over time (environmental events, woman working outside home)

92
Q

Sociocultural Cognitive Theory- Vygotsky

A

culture and social interaction guide cognitive development, knowledge is “collaborative”- social interaction with more skilled adults and peers advances cognitive development

93
Q

EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE

A

theory that seeks to identify behavior that is a result of our genetic inheritance from our ancestors

94
Q

ethological theory (Lorenz)

A

strongly influenced by biology, tied to evolutions, critical and sensitive periods
(baby geese attached to first moving object)

95
Q

eclectic theoretical orientation

A

does not follow any one approach
selects based on situation the best in each theory
“toolbox of theories”

96
Q

scientific method

A

process of posing and answering questions using careful controlled techniques that include systematic, orderly observation and the collection of data

97
Q

METHODS FOR COLLECTING DATA

A

OBSERVATION (laboratory- controlled setting, naturalistic observation-observing behavior in real world setting)
SURVEY AND INTERVIEW
STANDARDIZED TEST- uniform procedures for administration and scoring
PSYCHOPHYSICAL
CASE STUDY (indepth look at individual)
LIFE HISTORY RECORD ( what person was like growing up)

98
Q

EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE

A

theory that seeks to identify behavior that is a result of our genetic inheritance from our ancestors

99
Q

ethological theory (Lorenz)

A

strongly influenced by biology, tied to evolutions, critical and sensitive periods
(baby geese attached to first moving object)

100
Q

eclectic theoretical orientation

A

does not follow any one approach
selects based on situation the best in each theory
“toolbox of theories”

101
Q

scientific method

A

process of posing and answering questions using careful controlled techniques that include systematic, orderly observation and the collection of data

102
Q

METHODS FOR COLLECTING DATA

A

OBSERVATION (laboratory- conttolled setting, naturalistic observation-observing behavior in real world setting)
SURVEY AND INTERVIEW
STANDARDIZED TEST- uniform procedures for administration and scoring

103
Q

RESEARCH DESIGNS

104
Q

descriptive research

A

observes and records behavior

105
Q

correlational research

A

strenth of relationship between events or characteristics

106
Q

correlation coefficient

A

degree of associated between two variables

-1 to +1…higher coefficient the higher the association

107
Q

experimental research

A

carefully regulated procedures in which one or more factors are manipulated while all others held constant

108
Q

field study

A

natural occurring setting (correlational and exper)

109
Q

lab sutdy

A

conducted in controlled setting designed to hold events constant

110
Q

theoretical research

A

research designed specifically to test some developmental explanation and expand scientific knowledge

111
Q

applied research

A

research meant to provide practical solutions to immediate problems.

112
Q

longitudinal approach

A

same individuals studied over period of time

113
Q

cross-sectional approach

A

people diff ages compared at same time

114
Q

sequential approach

A

both long and cross

115
Q

research ethics

A

informed consent
confidentiality
deception
debriefing

116
Q

RESEARCH DESIGNS

117
Q

descriptive research

A

observes and records behavior

118
Q

correlational research

A

strenth of relationship between events or characteristics

119
Q

correlation coefficient

A

degree of associated between two variables

-1 to +1…higher coefficient the higher the association

120
Q

experimental research

A

carefully regulated procedures in which one or more factors are manipulated while all others held constant

121
Q

field study

A

natural occuring setting (correlational and exper)

122
Q

lab sutdy

A

conducted in controlled setting designed to hold events constand

123
Q

theoretical research

A

research designed specifically to test some developmental explanation and expand scientific knowledge

124
Q

applied research

A

research meant to provide practical solutions to immediate problems.

125
Q

longitudinal approach

A

same individuals studied over period of time

126
Q

cross-sectional approach

A

people diff ages compared at same time

127
Q

sequential approach

A

both long and cross

128
Q

research ethics

A

informed consent
confidentiality
deception
debriefing

129
Q

RESEARCH DESIGNS

130
Q

descriptive research

A

observes and records behavior

131
Q

correlational research

A

strenth of relationship between events or characteristics

132
Q

correlation coefficient

A

degree of associated between two variables

-1 to +1…higher coefficient the higher the association

133
Q

experimental research

A

carefully regulated procedures in which one or more factors are manipulated while all others held constant

134
Q

field study

A

natural occurring setting (correlational and exper)

135
Q

lab sutdy

A

conducted in controlled setting designed to hold events constant

136
Q

theoretical research

A

research designed specifically to test some developmental explanation and expand scientific knowledge

137
Q

applied research

A

research meant to provide practical solutions to immediate problems.

138
Q

longitudinal approach

A

same individuals studied over period of time

139
Q

cross-sectional approach

A

people diff ages compared at same time

140
Q

sequential approach

A

both long and cross

141
Q

research ethics

A

informed consent
confidentiality
deception
debriefing

142
Q

RESEARCH DESIGNS

143
Q

descriptive research

A

observes and records behavior

144
Q

correlational research

A

strenth of relationship between events or characteristics

145
Q

correlation coefficient

A

degree of associated between two variables

-1 to +1…higher coefficient the higher the association

146
Q

experimental research

A

carefully regulated procedures in which one or more factors are manipulated while all others held constant

147
Q

field study

A

natural occurring setting (correlational and exper)

148
Q

lab sutdy

A

conducted in controlled setting designed to hold events constant

149
Q

theoretical research

A

research designed specifically to test some developmental explanation and expand scientific knowledge

150
Q

applied research

A

research meant to provide practical solutions to immediate problems.

151
Q

longitudinal approach

A

same individuals studied over period of time

152
Q

cross-sectional approach

A

people diff ages compared at same time

153
Q

sequential approach

A

both long and cross

154
Q

research ethics

A

informed consent
confidentiality
deception
debriefing

155
Q

RESEARCH DESIGNS

156
Q

descriptive research

A

observes and records behavior

157
Q

correlational research

A

strenth of relationship between events or characteristics

158
Q

correlation coefficient

A

degree of associated between two variables

-1 to +1…higher coefficient the higher the association

159
Q

experimental research

A

carefully regulated procedures in which one or more factors are manipulated while all others held constant

160
Q

field study

A

natural occuring setting (correlational and exper)

161
Q

lab sutdy

A

conducted in controlled setting designed to hold events constand

162
Q

theoretical research

A

research designed specifically to test some developmental explanation and expand scientific knowledge

163
Q

applied research

A

research meant to provide practical solutions to immediate problems.

164
Q

longitudinal approach

A

same individuals studied over period of time

165
Q

cross-sectional approach

A

people diff ages compared at same time

166
Q

sequential approach

A

both long and cross

167
Q

research ethics

A

informed consent
confidentiality
deception
debriefing

GPSYC 160 (10 decks)

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