Chapter 2: Genetics, Prenatal Development, and Birth Flashcards
1
Q
s.o.g.z
A
sperm to ovum to gamete to zygote(2 gametes come together)
2
Q
mitosis
A
cellular reproduction in which cells nucleus duplicates itself and two new cells form (46 chromosomes)
3
Q
meiosis
A
specialized form of cell division to form eggs and sperm (gametes) each gamete receives one of two chromosomes that make up the 23 pairs
4
Q
reproduction (conception)
A
gamete (ovum) is fertilized by male gamete (sperm)
5
Q
DNA
A
complex molecule that contains genetic information
6
Q
genes
A
unit of hereditary information composed of DNA (25,000 human genes)
7
Q
chromosomes
A
threadlike structures that contain sequences of genes
8
Q
monozygotic twins
A
genetically identical
9
Q
dizygotic twins
A
produced when two seperate ova are fertilized by two seperate sperm roughly at the same time
10
Q
genotype
A
underlying combination of genetic material present (but not visible) in an organism
11
Q
phenotype
A
observable trait; the trait that is seen
12
Q
Polygenic information
A
inheritance in which a combination of multiple gene pairs is responsible for the productions of a particular trait
13
Q
Behavioral genetics
A
study of the effects of heredity on human behavior
14
Q
CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES
A
occur when the ovum and sperm do not have normal set of 23 chromosome pairs
15
Q
down syndrome
A
47 instead of 46
Trisomy 21- (21st chrom)
increases with mothers age
16
Q
SEX-linked Chromosomal abnormalities
A
…
17
Q
Klinefelter Syndrome
A
presence of extra X chromosome that produces underdeveloped genitals, extreme height, and enlarged breasts
18
Q
Fragile Syndrome
A
injury to a gene on the X chromosome, producing mild to moderate mental retardation
19
Q
Turner Syndrome
A
females missing an X, short, webbed neck, sexual under-development
20
Q
XYY Syndrome
A
males have extra Y, above average height
21
Q
Human Genome Project (HGP)
A
international, collaborative research program whose goal was complete mapping and understanding of all genes in human beings “genome”
22
Q
Francis Collins (HCP) three books?
A
…
23
Q
history book
A
narrative of the journey of our species through time
24
Q
shop manual
A
detailed blueprint for building every human cell
25
textbook of medicine
insights that will give health care providers immense new powers to treat, prevent, and cure diseases
26
GENE-LINKED ABNORMALITIES
over 7,000 known
27
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
cannot properly metabolize an amino acid
28
sickle-cell anemia
red blood cells die quickly
29
Big 5 personality traits....neuroticism and extroversion?
- emotional stability
| - seeks to be with others
30
fertilization
sperm and ovum (male and female gametes) join to form a single new cell
31
PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
three stages
32
The Geminal Period
first two weeks
creation of zygote, cell division, attachment of zygote to uterine wall
inner cell layer becomes embryo (blastocyst)
outer cell layer becomes placenta (trophoblast)
33
placenta
life support system in which blood vessels from mother and baby interwine DO NOT JOIN (oxy, salt and food enters, carbon diox and digestive wastes exists)
34
***Embryonic Period- most rapid and dramatic qualitative changes in cell type
2-8 weeks, support system for cells form and organs appear
35
three distinct layers
....
36
outer layer (ectoderm)
skin hair teeth sense organs and brain and spinal cord
37
inner layer (endoderm)
digestive system, lives, pancreas, respiratory system
38
middle layer (mesoderm)
muscles bones and blood and circulatory system
39
The Geminal Period
first two weeks
creation of zygote, cell division, attachment of zygote to uterine wall
inner cell layer becomes embryo (blastocyst)
outer cell layer becomes placenta (trophoblast)
40
placenta
life support system in which blood vessels from mother and baby interwine DO NOT JOIN (oxy, salt and food enters, carbon diox and digestive wastes exists)
41
***Embryonic Period- most rapid and dramatic qualitative changes in cell type
2-8 weeks, support system for cells form and organs appear
42
three distinct layers
....
43
outer layer (ectoderm)
skin hair teeth sense organs and brain and spinal cord
44
inner layer (endoderm)
digestive system, lives, pancreas, respiratory system
45
middle layer (mesoderm)
muscles bones and blood and circulatory system
46
Fetal Period
8 weeks to birth, features and functions develop
47
myelin
neurons coated with insulating material
48
PRENATAL DIAGNOSTIC TEST
...
49
first trimester screen
combines blood test and ultrasound sonography (chromosomal abnormalities and disorders like heart problems)
50
maternal blood test
overall health of fetus and spinal test
51
ultrasound sonography
sound waves scan mothers womb to produce an image of the unborn baby, size and shape assessed
52
Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)
8-11week used to find genetic defects that involve taking samples of hair like material that surrounds the embryo (miscarriage rates so infrequent)
53
Amniocentesis
12-16 week identifying genetic defects by examining a small sample of fetus cells drawn by a needle inserted into the amniotic fluid surrounding the unborn fetus (Nearly 100% accuracy, can determine sex of child)
54
infertility
inability to conceive after 12-18 months of trying to become pregnant
55
artificial insemination
mans sperm are placed directly into a womans vagina
56
In vitro fertilization (IVF)
womans ove are removed from her ovaries, and mans sperm used to fertilize the ova in a laboratory
57
teratogens
environmental agent such as a drug, chemical, or virus that produce a birth defect
58
severity and type of damage from terat influenced by?
dose
genetic susceptibility
time of exposure
59
Psychoactive Drugs
```
Alcohol
Nicotine
Caffeine
Cocaine
Antidepresants
Anti-anxiety meds
OTC meds
```
60
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
abnormalitities that appear in offspring
affect EVERY cell
primary preventable cause of mental retardation
61
Nicotine
80% more likely to have abortion
| high correlation with SIDS
62
Caffeine
miscarriage, retarded growth, microcephaly
63
Thalidominde
anti-nausea drug causes loss of a limb
64
Enviromental Hazards
Lead, radiation, pesticides, petrochemicals, asbestos, cleaning chemicals, hot tubs
65
lead
linked with premature birth, decreased birth weight, descreased postnatal growth, inceases rates of still births, miscarriages, neurological alterations, increase in minor malformations
66
radiation
induce...growth impairments, microcephaly, mental retardation, malignancy
67
Infectious Diseases
rubella, syphilis, herpes, chlamydia, AIDS, toxoplasmosis
68
Rubello
utero infection with rubello: glaucoma, microphthalmia (one or both eyes abnormally small), cataracts, cardiac malformation, hearing loss, mental retardation
69
Toxoplasmosis
infection caused by a protozoan parasite that enters body through raw meat and cat feces RESULTS: brain damage, dealth
70
INCOMPATIBLE BLOOD TYPES
| Rh factor
fetus Rh postie and Rh negative (antibodies)
- antibodies may attack fetus
- brain damage
- heart defects
- miscarriage or still birth
71
other PARENTAL FACTORS
```
nutrition
maternal age
paternal factors
emotional states
stress
```
72
common effect of all teratogens?
attention difficulties ADD ADDHD
73
Stages of Birth
38 weeks after fertilization, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) triggers and birth begins ***oxytocin (when high enough mothers uterus begins contractions)
74
Three Stages of Labor
...
75
first stage
uterine contractions every 8-10 minutes for 30 seconds
| transition- cervix opens to allows babys head
76
second stage
90 minutes long, babys head emerges further from mother with each contraction
77
episiotomy
increase the size of the opening of the vagina
78
third stage
umbilical cord and placenta are expelled from mother
79
Lamaze birthing technique
breathing and relaxation training
80
Bradley Method
childbirth as natural as possible and no medication or medical intervention
81
Hypnobirthing
self-hypnosis during delivery that produces a sense of peace and calm and reduces pain
82
MEDICATION DURING DELIVERY
...
83
analgesia
used to relieve pain
84
Anesthesia
used in late first-stage labor and during expulsion of baby to block sensation in area of body or to block consciousness
85
oxytocis
used to stimulate contractions
86
Cesarean Delivery
1 and 4 births
respiratory issues?
VBAC
87
fetal monitors
measures babys heartbeat during labor
88
Apgar Scale
widely used method to access health of newborns at 1 and 5 minutes after birth
heartrate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, body color, reflex irritability
89
low birth weight
infants weigh less than 2,500 grams (5.5 pounds)
90
preterm
born three weeks or more before pregnancy has reached full term
91
small for date
birth weight below normal when length of pregnancy is considered (weigh 90 percent of less of weight)
92
postmature infants
2 weeks after mothers due date
93
temperament
patterns of arousal and emotioanlity that represent consisten and enduring characteristics in an individual
94
multifactorial transmission
determination of traits by a combination of both genetic and environmental factors with a genotype provides a range within which a phenotype may be expressed
95
BREASTFEEDING
...
96
colostrum
milk produced by mothers in first few days after giving birth, babys first immunization against infections and diseases
97
The Lancet
children born prematurely and breast fed later scored higher on intelligence IQ tests
98
bottle fed how many more times likely to be hospitalized for bacterial infections?
10 times
99
risk of meningitis
4 times higher
100
benefits of breast feeding
```
ear disease
food allergies
diarrhea
obesity
cancer rates
diabetes
SIDS
cognitive development
bone density
visual actiity
```
101
RMH Breastfeeding Consultants
four international board certified bf consultants on staff
102
added benefits of breast feeding
500 calories per day (2 hours aerobics)
| saves 1,450 a year
