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GPSYC 160 > Chapter 7: Language Development > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Language Development Flashcards

1
Q

Wild Boy of Averyone (1799-France)

A

entered woods alone at age 5 and found at 11 (alone 6 yrs)

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2
Q

Genie (1970-LA,CA)

A

found at 13,neglected abused (locked in isolation no communication with words)
-after extensive therapy still telegraphic speech (critical period….supports Conrad Lorenz Theory)

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3
Q

language

A

form of communication, whether spoken, written, signed, based on system of symbols

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4
Q

infinite generativity

A

ability to produce an endless number of meaningful sentences using a finite set of words and rules

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5
Q

Infant Signing

A
  • encourages early communication (6 months)
  • possible increase in IQ (12-pt increase?)
  • increases bonding/attachment (can understand them)
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6
Q

Phonology(sound)

Language rule system

A

rules regarding how sounds are perceived as different and which sound sequences may occur in the language
ex/ “chat” 3 phonemes ch-a-t

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7
Q

Morphology (meaning)

Language rule system

A

unit of meaning involved in word formation

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8
Q

Morpheme

A

unit of sound that conveys a specific meaning ex/ boy=1 morpheme
boys= 2 morphemes

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9
Q

Syntax (Language Rule System)

A

the way words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences
ex/ Jim rode the motorcycle
The motorcycle rode Jim (very diff)

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10
Q

Semantics (Language Rule System)

A
  • the meaning of words and sentences

ex/communication problems, you know nothing about physical labor

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11
Q

Pragmatics (Language Rule System)

A

The appropriate use of language in context
ex/ turntaking in conversation, polite, recognizing humor
(if lack pragmatic considered rude or impolite)

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12
Q

Prelinguistic Communication

A

communication through sounds, facial expressions, gestures, imitation, and other nonlinguistic means

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13
Q

Infant Crying (from birth)

A

Their first language

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14
Q

basic cry

A

rhythmic pattern usually consisting of cry, briefer silence, shorter inspiratory whistle, and brief rest

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15
Q

anger cry

A

similar to basic cry with more excess air forced through vocal chords

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16
Q

pain cry

A

sudden appearance of loud crying without preliminary moaning; long initial cry followed by extended period of breath holding

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17
Q

cooing (1-2 months)

A

make vowel sounds

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18
Q

babbling (6 months)

A

consonant-vowel combinations

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19
Q

Infancy and Sound

A
  • recognize languaage sounds
  • “citizens of the world”
  • newborns recognize sound changes
  • can recognize own language by 6 months (start dropping sounds)
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20
Q

Gestures (8-12 months)

A

waving, eat, pick me up

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21
Q

jargon (10 months)

A

communicating back and forth with different language you dont’t understand

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22
Q

first words

A

approx 13 months

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23
Q

holophrases

A

one word utterances that stand for a whole phrase whose meaning depends on particular context in which they are used to determine meaning

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24
Q

Two word utterances (18-24 months)

A

my mommy uses a lot of my, child relies heavily on gesture, tone and context

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25
Q

Telegraphic Speech

A

not critical words left out; use of short and precise words without grammatical markers (“take you with”)

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26
Q

syntax

A

combining of words and phrases to form sentences

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27
Q

advances in semantics

A

-rate 5-8 words per day from 12 months
-6 yr olds learn 22 words a day
-

28
Q

Speaking Vocabulary ranges from……for 6 year olds?

A

8,000 to 14,000 words

29
Q

Biggest Vocab Spurt

A

age 2.5-3 years (watch what you say)

30
Q

Advances in Pragmatics (3 years)

A

improve ability to talk about things not physically present

31
Q

Advances in Pragmatics (4 years)

A

develop remarkable sensitivity to needs of others in conversation

32
Q

Advances in Pragmatics (4 to 5 years)

A

change speech style to suit situation

-change the way they talk to fit social situation

33
Q

Adult Influences on Childrens Language Development

A

…

34
Q

child-directed speech

A

language spoken in a higher pitch than normal with simple words and sentences

35
Q

recasting

A

rephrasing a statement that a child has said, perhaps turning it into a question (want cookie. Do you want a cookie?)
*question

36
Q

expanding

A

restating in a linguistically sophisticated form, what a child has said (pretty bird. Yes, that is pretty)

37
Q

labeling

A

identifying the names of objects

38
Q

Family Environment and language

A
  • infants whose mothers spoke more often to them had markedly higher vocabularies
  • vocabularies linked to socioeconomic status of families(more words heard with higher status)
  • home language environment linked to childs syntax
39
Q

Language Experience

A

upper class problems with adjusting to reality, not used to “no”

40
Q

Preparing for Literacy

A
  • literacy often comes quickly for children who participate in print-related interactions as preschoolers
  • children without print-related interactions in preschool years take longer to develop literacy
41
Q

Developmental Stages of Reading

A

stages 0-4

42
Q

Stage 0

A

birth to first grade

-master prerequisities for reading

43
Q

Stage 1

A

1st and 2nd (learn to read)

44
Q

stage 2

A

2nd and 3rd grade

-become fluent at reading, but do not read to learn

45
Q

stage 3

A

4th-8th grade

-read to learn

46
Q

stage 4

A

high school

-become fully competent readers

47
Q

whole language approach

A

-parallel childrens natural language learning; materials whole and meaningful, grammar and phonics not isolated

48
Q

basic-skills phonics

A

stresses phonetics and basic rules for translating symbols into sounds

49
Q

National Reading Panel

A

most effective phonological awareness training

50
Q

nation reading panel (two main skills)?

A

-blending
-segmentation
(best when integrated with reading and writingl small groups more beneficial than whole class)
-children benefit from guided oral reading

51
Q

Middle and Late Childhood: Vocabulary and Grammar

A

change in way children think about words

  • less tied to actions and perceptions
  • more analytical in approach to words
52
Q

Language skills aquired in adolescence

A

…

53
Q

metaphor/simile

A

implied comparison between two unlike things

“Love is like a roller coaster”

54
Q

satire

A

use of irony, derision, or wit to expose folly or wickedness

55
Q

dialect

A

variety of language distinguished by vocabulary, grammar, or pronunciation.
-adolescent dialect often uses jargon or slang

56
Q

Language Development in Adulthood

A
  • distinct personal linguistic style is part of special identity
  • vocab continues to increase throughtout adult years until late childhood
  • very little, if any decline among healthier adults
57
Q

Language in Late Adulthood

A

non language factors may be cause of decline in language skills in older adults (decline in processing speed, hearing loss)

58
Q

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon increases in late late adulthood

A

(know the word but it just cannot state it at the time)

59
Q

Brain and Language

A

…

60
Q

aphasia

A

language disorder resulting from brain damage; involves loss of ability to use words

61
Q

broca’s area

A

area of brains left frontal lobe that directs muscle movements involved in speech production

62
Q

wernicke’s area

A

areas of brains left temporal lobe involved in language comprehension
*if damaged, fluent incomprehensible speech produced

63
Q

pragmatics

A

aspect of language relating to communicating effectively and appropriately with others

64
Q

metalinguistic awareness

A

an understanding of one’s own use of language

65
Q

linguistic-relativity hypothesis

A

theory that language shapes and may determine the way people of a given culture perceive and understand the world

GPSYC 160 (10 decks)

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