Chapter 3: Physical Growth and Aging Across The Lifespan Flashcards
Cephalocaudal Pattern (of growth)
growth occurs first at the top (the head) and gradually proceeds from top to bottom
Proximodistal Pattern (of growth)
growth starts at the cetner of the body and moves toward the extremities
Average Height and Weight at birth
7 pounds, 20 inches
How much does infants weight change after one year?
weight triples by 1 year (baby grows a foot first year)
How many inches by age two?
32-35 inches (avg 3 ft by 2)
1/2 adult height by age 2
infants head at birth compared to adulthood
birth- head is 1/4 entire body size
by age 2- 1/5 of body length
adulthood- 1/8
Growth slows in early childhood?
2-3 inches a year
5-7 pounds per year
(avg 8 year old is 58 pounds)
growth patterns vary due to?
heredity, health, nutrition, *medication
rhythms
repetitive, cyclical patterns of behavior
state (major body rhythm)
degree of awareness to both internal and external stimulation. Each state brings an alteration in the amount of stimulation required to get infants attention
awake states
alert, nonalert waking, fuss, cry
transition states between sleep and waking
drowse (eyes heavy lidded but opening and closing, low level motor activity), daze (eyes open by immobile, occurs betwern alert and drowse), sleep-wake transition (wakefulness and sleep evident)
sleep states
active sleep (uneven respirations, intermittent rapid eye movements, smiles, forwns, sucking) quiet sleep (respiration slow and regular, rythmic mouthing)
average newborn sleep how long?
16-17 hours a day
by 16 weeks infants begin to sleep as much as 6 continuous hours at night, sleep through night end of first year
REM Sleep
period of sleep found in older children and adilts and is associated with dreaming (1/2 of infants sleep, 20% adult sleep)
function of rem sleep in infants?
autostimulation- brain stimulates itself
age 11 in childhood
only age where girls tend to be taller than boys (4’10 vs. 4’9.5)
age gender start adolescent growth spurt?
girls- 10
boys-12
growth spurt
rapid growth in height and weights
girls- 3.5 inches a year
boys- 4.1 inches a year
growth in middle/late childhood
females- retain more fatty tissues (less satisfied with body)
males- retain more muscle (more satisfied)
puberty
period of rapid physical maturation involving hormonal and bodily changes that take place in early adolescence
how is puberty signaled?
pituitary gland in brain signals other glands to begin producing sex hormones
sex hormones
female- estrogens
male- androgens
*genders produce both
age puberty begins
girls: 11-12
boys: 13-14
leptin
hormone plays role in onset of puberty
menarche
onset of menstruation and probably the most obvious sign of puberty in girls
primary sex characteristics
associated with development of organs and body structures related directly to reproduction
secondary sex characteristics
visible signs of sexual maturity that do not involve the sex or organs directly
spermarche
boys first ejaculation (13)
senesence
natural physical decline brought about by increasing age
early- maturing males (berkely long study)
more positive self perception and peer relations during adolescence
late- maturing males (berkely long study)
less positive in adolescence, but more positive (than early-maturing males) by their 30’s
early- maturing females (berkely long study)
postivie (not as pos as males) but potential problems
late-maturing females (berkely long study)
less positive in adolescence (1965 study). Changing now with females in sports
early adulthood
reach peak of muscle tone and strength in late teens and twenties (subtle changes during this time period, slight decline in thirties)
primary aging
aging that involves universal and irreversible changes due to genetics
secondary aging
changes in physical and cognitive functioning that are due to illness, health habits, and other individual differences, but that are not due to increased age itself and are not
collagen
protein that forms basic fibers of body tissue
outward signs of aging
osteoporosis
bones become brittle, fragile, and thin often brought by lack of calcium in diet (more susceptible for woman) affects 25% of woman over 60
internal aging
brain becomes smaller and lighter (shrinks and pulls away from skull space between doubles between 20-70yrs)
middle adulthood
lose height, gain weight
height- lose 1/2 inche per decade beginning in 40’s
body fat (middle adulthood)
10% in adoleschence
20% in middle adulthood
middle adulthood (fertility changes)
climacteric- fertility declines
menopause- woman’s mentrual periods cease
positives of middle age
escape cool factor, good health, change career, develop “inner beauty” and “inner peace”
young-old (65-74) old old (75-84) oldest old (85 and older)
healthy and active
some health problems
frail and need care
demographies of late childhood
1 out of 8 americans is 65 or older
by 2050 nearly 1/4 of pop will be 65 or older
number of ppl over 85 is projected to increase from 4 million to 18 million by 2050
fastest growing segment of population?
oldest old
oldest showgirl
Dorothy Dale Kloss
gerontologists
specialists who study age
- prefer talk about function rather than age
Biological Theories of Aging
…
- cellular clock theory
maximum times that human cells can divide is about 75 to 80
- free-radical theory
people age because their cells metabolism produces unstable oxygen molecules (free radicals)
- mitochondrial theory
aging caused by decay of mitochondria
- hormonal stress theory
aging in body’s hormonal system can lower resistance to stress and increase likelihood of disease
- free-radical theory
people age because their cells metabolism produces unstable oxygen molecules (free radicals)
- mitochondrial theory
aging caused by decay of mitochondria
- hormonal stress theory
aging in body’s hormonal system can lower resistance to stress and increase likelihood of disease
THE BRAIN
2 hemispheres
4 lobes in each hemisphere
neuron
diagram***
myelin sheath
pump directions through brain, sends electrical impulses, insulation that surrounds parts of neurons
Synaptic Pruning (baby has 1.5 more synapses than adults)
elimation of neurons as reult of nonuse or lack of stimulation
cerebral cortex
upper layer of the brain
brain and plasticity
high plasticity (degree to which developing structure or behavior is modifiable due to experience)
lateralization
process in which certain cognitive functions are located more in one hemisphere of the brain than the other
corpus callosum
bundle of nerve fibers that connects 2 hemispheres of brain, becomes thicker
How long to break a habit
30 days
socio-paths and frontal lobe
socio paths KILLERS have dark paths on frontal lobe
frontal lobe
involved involuntary movement, thinking, personality, intentionality or purpose (good vs bad idea), plan ahead, motor control (most common in car accidents) (last part of brain to completely develop), 1st thing affected when you drink (pickled)
occipital lobes
function in vision seeing/ vision
temporal lobes
active role in hearing, language, processing, and meaning
parietal lobes (know the less about this lobe)
roles in registering spatial location, attention, and motor control
motor development
reflexes- unlearned responses, shows in tact nervous system of child
rooting reflex (3 weeks)
turn head toward things that touch cheek
sucking reflex
automatic sucking object placed in newborns mouth
grasping reflex
occurs when something touches infants palms, infant grasps tightly
babinski reflex
infants toes fan out when sole of foot is stroked
moro/startle reflex
when support for neck and head is removed arms of infant are thrust outward and then appear to grasp onto something, response to sudden noise or movement
gallant reflex
newborns spine twists in response to stroking. assists birth process
Gross motor skills that involve large muscle activities
infancy- learning to walk
childhood- running jumping climbing, sports skills
adolescence- skills improve
adulthood- peak performance before 30, slowly declines with age
Fine motor skills
involve finely tuned movements (finger dexterity)
infancy- reaching and grasping
early childhood- picking up small objects, building towers
childhood and adolescence- writing and drawing. 10-12 can do crafts, play instruments
adulthood- speed may decline but most use compensation strategies
Brazelton Neonatal Behavior Assessment Scale (NBAS)
measure designed to determine infants neurological and behavior responses to their environment
handedness
by age 5 use one over the other
90% right
10% left
Childrens Art Stages
- scribbling stage
- shape stage (3)
- design stage
- pictorial stage (4 or 5)
motor skills- adult
neural noise- adult decline due to increase in irregular neural activity in CNS. this disturbs the processing of incoming signals and delays interpretation
compensation strategy
compensate for declines in fine and gross motor skills
Aging/ Activity
inverse relationship
activity increases
biological decreases
preventing and treating declining brain functioning
- positive emotions
- intellectual stimulation
- healthy diet
- folic acid supplement
sensation
occurs when information contacts sensory receptors (physcial stimulations of sense organs)
perception
interpretation of sensation (mental process of sorting out, interpreting, analyzing, and integrating stimuli from the sense organs and brain)
Robert Frantz Experiment
2 and 3 month old infants preferred to look at more complex stimuli than simple ones
How do you know when an infant is interested/ attentive?
- stops sucking
- stares and tries to focus
How do you know when you bore an infant?
- begins sucking
- looks away
Habituation
decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations (get bored)
- occurs when we learn not to respond to repeated occurences of a stimulus
dishabituation
recovery of habituated response after change in stimulation
Infants visual perception (visual acuity)
by 6 months avg vision is already 20/20
ranges from 20/200 to 20/600 at birth (see up to 20 feet)
*adult with normal vision can see up to 200-600 feet
infatns distance vision is 1/10 to 1/3 that of the average adult
Infants visual perception (Color Vision)
red and green at birth
distinguish all colors by 2 months
Infants visual perception (perceiving patterns)
prefer patterns (curved over straight lines, 3D over 2D, human faces over nonhuman faces) Fantz
Perceptual Constancy(Size Constancy)
recognition that an object remains the same even though the retinal image changes
-some ability at 3 months (binocular vision just beginning to develop)
progress continues until 10-11 years
Perceptual Constancy (Shape Constancy)
recognition that an object remains the same even though its orientation changes
- some ability at 3 months, continue to develop with experience (nurture)
Infants Visual Expectations
begins at 3 months
expect gravity by 6-8 months “high chair science” replicating their experiment
Infants Depth Perception
developed by 7-8 months (about time they begin locomoting)
Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk (1960)
“visual cliff”
Vision During Childhood
improve color detection, visual expecatations, controlling eye movements (for reading)
Preschoolers a bit farsighted
approx 6 years they can effectively focus and scan
Judgement of Objects
until 3 or 4 focus on 2D detail
4 and 5 begin looking at surrounding boundaries
6 to 7 look at outside systematically with far less scanning of the inside
signs of vision problems
- rubbing eyes, blinking, squinting
- irritability at games requiring distance vision
- closing one eye, tiling to see, thrusting head forward to see
nearsightedness (myopia)
farsightedness (hyperopia)
farsightedness (hyperopia)
Aging Vision (starts at 40)
Presbyopia (means old eyes) loss of near vision- form of hyperopia
loss of flexibility or elasticity of the lens, loss of accommodation
Decreased bloody supply to eye
result in smaller visual field and larger blind spot
Declining Color Vision
in green, blue, and violet part of spectrum
Declining Depth Perception
problems with steps or curbs
Slower Dark Adaptation
retina-rods- rhodopsin
decreased vision in glare
- sunny days (big/ dark glasses)
- driving raining nights
- shiny magazine pages
- glass covering items in store
slower recovery from glare
(young adults < 10 seconds)
(90 years old >1.5 mintues)
70 yrs- twice as long
85 yrs- 5 times as long
93 yrs- 17 times as long
cataracts
thickening eye lens that causes vision to become cloudy, opaque, and distorted (surgery)
glaucoma
damage to optic nerve because of pressure created by buildup of fluid in eye. Fluid doesnt drain right or too much fluid is produced (eye-drops)
macular degeneration
involves deterioration of retina (surgery)
Prenatal Hearing
can hear by 7 months prenatally
-react to mothers voice and fathers
1986 “cat in the hat study” rhythm
“baby ears”, “baby universities”
infancy hearing
improve sensitivity to soft sounds, pitches; abilitiy to localixe (bottle propping)
childhood hearing
danger of otitis medua (eustation tube structure)
adolescence
most have excellent hearing
Danger from loud music (iPods)
adulthood
few changes until middle adulthoof
hearing impairment increases with age (especially upper range of pitch)
presbycusis
loss of the ability to hear sounds of high frequency (12% between 45-65)
men more prone starting at 55
decibel comparisons
normal conver 3-5 ft (60-70 dB) traffic inside car (85dB) subway 200 ft (95 dB) avg ipod on half volume (94 dB) power motor (107) power saw (110) rock music 406 ft (120) jet engine 100 ft (140) green day concert avg (145) rock music peak (150)
1983 OSHA monitoring requirements
begin at 90 dB
regular sustained exposure may cause permanent damage?
90-95 dB
pain decibel begins at
125 dB
studies have shown
people exposed to 85 dB for 8 hours tend to develop hearing loss
mowing
100 dB
listen to pod 20 dB about that shouldnt listen for more than 8-10 minutes
Relations to noise exposure?
hypertension and psychological difficulties
Incidence of hearing loss in classical musicians and rock musicians
4-43%
13-30%
Symptoms of hearing loss
- tinnitus
- find that noises sound muffled
- (temporary threshold shift) temp hearing loss
- difficult hearing someone 3 ft away
Intermodal Perception
ability to relate and integrate information about two or more sensory modalities, such as vision and hearing
Touch and Pain Infancy
By 6 months can coordinate vision and touch (curare, curcumcision)
-delayed reaction when younger b/c less developed nervous system)
Touch and Pain Older Adults
less sensitive to pain and touch in lower extrememities
smell (olfaction) infants
can differentiate odors at birth, show preferences (strawberry, vanilla)
12-18 days can distinguish mother on basis of smell)
smell (olfaction) older adults
lose some sense of smell starting at 60
taste (Gustation) infants
might prefer sweet tastes, show preferences
taste (gustation) older adults
decline in taste begins in 60’s
-hypertension (high blood pressure)
multimodal approach to perception
approach that considers how information that is collected by various individual sensory systems is integrated and coordinated
blindness
partial sightedness
below 20/200
visual acuity of less than 20/70
auditory impairments
speech impairments
hearing loss affects 1-2% of school age population
- speech :3-5% of school age population (stuttering
peripheral slowing hypothesis
theory that suggests that overall processing speed declines in the peripheral nervous system with increasing age (commands from brain to muscles)
generalized slowing hypothesis
theory that processing in all parts of the nervous system, including the brain, is less efficient
response time slows with age
perception of time seems to speed up with age
