Chapter 9 (Sleep) Flashcards
We spend about a ____ of our lives in sleep
third
Electromyography (EMG) in wakefulness measures:
beta activity (12-30Hz) LOW amplitude, HIGH frequency waveforms
Electromyography (EMG) when eye’s closed measures:
alpha activity (8-12Hz) HIGH amplitude, LOW frequency waveforms
Order of Frequency , low to high
(Delta, Theta, Alpha, Beta)
Order of Amplitude, low to high
(Beta, Alpha, Theta, Delta)
Sleep Stages
Wakefulness (Alpha/Beta Activity)
Stage 1: (Alpha and theta Waves)
Stage 2: (Same, but with sleep spindles (bursts of 12-14 Hz activity) and K-complexes Stage 3 : 30% delta / 70% theta
Stage 4: 50% delta / 50% theta
* REM
– Theta/Alpha/Beta activity
What stages of sleep are coined: slow-wave sleep (SWS)
stages 3-4
What sort of dreams occur in Stage 3-4
cold,rational (difficult to rouse from stage 4 SWS)
What are some characteristics of REM sleep (6)
- Presence of beta activity (desynchronized EEG pattern, similar to wakefulness)
- Increased respiration and blood pressure
- Rapid eye movements (REM)
- Loss of muscle tone (paralysis)
- Vivid, emotional dreams (irrational)
- Signs of sexual arousal (Assess impotence)
What stage of sleep do you naturally wake out of from
REM
Dreams occur during
SWS and REM sleep
Nightmares can occur during
stage 4 of SWS
what happens to Humans with Fatal Familial Insomnia (genetic damage to the
hypothalamus) gradually become unable to sleep
- Eventually lose SWS and die
REM sleep may reflect:
– Vigilance: alertness to the environment
SWS improves consolidation of _____ memories
declarative/explicit
(Things that you might need to process to
recollect)
* E.g., test information
REM improves consolidation of _____ memories
nondeclarative/implicit
(Things you don’t need to try to remember)
* E.g., throwing a ball
Sleep rebound:
Roughly ___ of Stage 1 & 2 sleep is made up
– ___ of REM is made up!
– ____ of SWS is made up!
a temporary increase in sleep duration and intensity that occurs after a period of sleep deprivation or interruption
10%
~50%
~70%
Fact about Siamese twins sleeping
share the same circulatory system, but sleep
independently
Fact about sleep regarding Bottle-nose dolphins hemispheres:
the two hemispheres sleep
independently
Neurotransmitters involved in arousal and where do they come from?
ACh, ventral pons and basal forebrain
NE, locus coeruleus
Histamine, cell bodies are located in the tuberomamillary nucleus of the hypothalamus
5-HT (serotonin): stimulation of the raphe nuclei (medulla and pons)
Orexin, neurons located in the lateral hypothalamus
The ventrolateral preoptic area (VLOPA) is important for inducing
SWS, * Secretes GABA suppresses
alertness and induces SWS
Lesions of the VLPOA produce total ____, leading to death
insomnia
What initiates vlPOA activity?
ADENOSINE
Adenosines are produced by _____ when lacking ______
astrocytes, glycogen,
(when astrocytes run out of glycogen (energy) -> release adenosine to cause sleepiness to increase levels of glycogen)
Why do old people get less sleep?
- UTIs
- reduced # of adensoine receptors in the VLPOA, makes you stake awake longer
Circadian Rhythms are moderated by the:
Moderated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
In order to keep rhythm, the SCN receives information from
retina -> no role in vision
PGO (pons-geniculate-occipital) waves are the _____ REM sleep
first indicator of
ACh neurons in the peribrachial pons (dorsal) promote REM sleep, how?
how? It depends on which system is activated
– Ventral pons: Beta arousal and wakefulness
– Dorsal pons (Peribrachial area): Beta arousal
and REM
Narcolepsy conditions are?
Sleep appears at odd times
-(usu. genetic, on chromosome 6; affects ~1 in
2000 people):
What is a Sleep attack?:
urge to sleep during the day (boring times)
* Narcoleptics have reduced CSF levels of the neuropeptide orexin
1/10 th the number of orexin-producing cells within their hypothalamus
What is Cataplexy?
REM paralysis occurs, person is still conscious
(excitement)
* Some problem from peribrachial pons subcoerulear nucleus
nucleus magnocellularis of the medulla descending motor neurons
What is sleep paralysis?
- Inability to move just prior to sleeping or just after waking
- Sometimes involve REM-like dreams
leep apnea: person stops breathing and is awakened when
blood levels of carbon dioxide stimulate breathing
