Chapter 3 (Neurology) Flashcards
The imaginary line through the spine to the front of the brain is called…
Neuraxis (imagine an allen wrench in a human)
Anterior
– The ______ end
– ______: When referring to brain (“towards the
beak”)
front, rostral
Posterior
– The ____ end
– _____: When referring to the brain
tail, caudal
this refers to “toward the back” (top of head)
– Top part of the head and the back
dorsal
This refers to the “belly”
– Surface faces the ground
ventral
This phrase refers to the midline
Medial
this refers toward the side
Lateral
The brain can be
sectioned in _____ planes
* Each section provides a
a different view of the
internal anatomy of the
brain
– ____
– ____
– ____
3,
- Sagittal (split down the middle
– Coronal (or transverse) -> (cut sideways, ear to ear)
– Horizontal (cut in half, belly)
The central nervous system develops from _____ (outer layer) which forms a plate (~day 18)
– The edges of the plate curl and eventually fuse together
forming a ____ (day 21)
– By ~day 28 the tube is closed, the rostral end of the
neural tube has formed the 3 interconnected chambers
(_____) and the tissue that surrounds these hollow
chambers has formed three major divisions of the brain
ectoderm, neural tube, ventricles
What are the three major divisions of the brain
Forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain
Inner lining of the neural tube is called? What are these comprised of?
ventricular zone, progenitor
This provide routes for neurons to travel (like microtubules) outward from the ventricular zone of the neural tube…
radial glia
_______ is a chemical generated by postsynaptic neurons to spur axons to grow towards them
nerve growth factor (NGF)
cell adhesion molecules (CAM) do what?
They allow cells to bind to other cells or surfaces (long-range)
______ chemical generated by postsynaptic neurons to spur axons to grow towards them
Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) (close range)
when is the only time signals travel from postsynaptic to presynaptic neurons?
during neural development when the postsynaptic cell sends NGF to presynaptic neuron to prevent apoptosis
This type of molecule allow cells to bind to other cells or surfaces (long-range)
Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAM)
what are the 3 final possible maturation stages of neurons?
- apoptosis
- synapse pruning
- functional specialization
neural remodeling/synapse plasticity allows neurons to do what?
allows neurons to form new processes & synaptic connections (NB, cannot grow NEW neurons)
The _____ covers and protects all areas of nervous system,
both CNS and PNS
Meninges
This is the inner layer of the meninges that clings to the surface of the brain; thin and delicate
contain smaller surface blood vessels of brain & spinal cord
(IN CNS ONLY)
pia mater
This is the outermost of the meninges; tough and flexible
dura mater
This is the soft & spongy middle layer of the meninges
Arachnoid Membrane (Spider Track)
How is the meninges comprised of outside of the CNS?
ONLY dura and pia mater fused together to cover the spinal & cranial nerves
arachnoid membrane not needed bc there is no CSF in the PNS so less protection
This is the clear fluid that fills the ventricular system of the brain, the subarachnoid space, and spinal cord
CSF (Cerebrospinal Fluid
CSF is produced by the _____
choroid plexus (in each ventricle)
This is the CSF-filled space between arachnoid membrane & pia mater that cushions the brain
Subarachnoid Space
______ are the small projections of arachnoid membrane (middle layer) through the dura mater (top layer) that connect to the ______ that CSF leaves through to enter blood
Arachnoid Granulations, superior sagittal sinus
This is one of the two ventricles located in the center of the telencephalon
lateral ventricles (1 & 2nd ventricles)
the tube connecting the third and fourth ventricles of the brain, located in the center of the mesencephalon
cerebral aqueduct
the ventricle located between the cerebellum and the dorsal pons, in the center of the metencephalon
fourth ventricle
______ surrounds the cerebral hemispheres (like the bark of a tree)
cerebral cortex
These are the small groves of the cerebral cortex
sulci
These are the bulges between sulci or fissures
Gyri
These are the large grooves of the cerebral cortex
fissures
This sulcus that separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
(Is like a line straight down the brain)
central sulcus
______ is a fissure that separates the temporal lobe from the overlying frontal and parietal lobes
(Line across the side of the brain)
lateral fissure
This is the region of the posterior frontal lobe that contains neurons that control movements of skeletal muscles
(is rostral to the central sulcus)
primary motor cortex
region of the anterior parietal lobe whose primary input is from the somatosensory system
(is caudal to the central sulcus)
Primary Somatosensory Cortex
region of the posterior occipital lobe whose primary input is from the visual system
(most caudal part of the brain)
Primary Visual Cortex
region of the superior temporal lobe whose primary input is from the auditory system
(most lateral part of the brain)
primary auditory cortex
fissure located in the occipital lobe on the medial surface of the brain; most of the primary visual cortex is located along its upper and lower banks
calcarine fissure
map of PMC & PSC where motor/sensory areas of the body go from down from feet to face
homunculus
Damage to the somatosensory cortex would result in
damage = can “feel,” but cannot identify the object
(ex: feel the tip of a pen, identify its features but not that it is a pen)
Damage to the motor association/premotor cortex would result in
poor planning & discoordination
Damage to the visual association cortex would result in
can see, but cannot recognize
Damage to auditory association cortex
can hear, but have trouble discerning the speaker or the meaning of words
telencephalon is the region of the forebrain that contains the _____, _____, and ________
cerebral cortex, basal ganglia,limbic system
this controls automatic movement & keeps the body STILL
- comprised of ____, ____, _____
basal ganglia
caudate nucleus, putamen, & global pallidus
The limbic system is comprised of:
Hippocampus: involved in learning and memory
Amygdala: involved in emotion perception, expression, and memory
Diencephalon consists of
Thalamus and Hypothalamus
______ contains nuclei that receive sensory information and
transmit it to the cortex (the “relay station”)
Thalamus
_____ contains nuclei involved in the integration of
species-preserving behaviors, control of the autonomic nervous system and pituitary
Hypothalamus
Inner ear -> ____ -> Primary auditory cortex
Medial Geniculate
Retina -> _____ -> Primary visual cortex
Lateral Geniculate
Primary motor cortex -> ____ -> Cerebellum
Ventrolateral Nucleus
the hypothalamus is responsible or these 2 things and
contains the _____ right behind the optic chiasm
1) homeostasis
2) releases hormones (gonadotropic & somatotropic)
- pituitary gland
This is the central of the 3 major divisions of the brain
midbrain/mesencephalon
The 2 main parts of the midbrain: ____, ____
tectum, tegmentum
the dorsal part of the midbrain; includes superior & inferior colliculi
tectum
tegmentum
The ventral part of the midbrain; includes the periaqueductal gray matter, reticular formation, red nucleus, and substantia nigra
the RAS is responsible for what
dominant in arousal, sleeping, waking, and muscle tone involves pons
Red Nucleus and Substantia Nigra are responsible for what
Helps to transmit information from the cerebral cortex and cerebellum to the spinal cord
The metencephalon consists of the following:
– Pons (sleep)
– Cerebellum (involved in motor control)
the _____ is the direct target of alcohol
cerebellum
the myelencephalon is the region of the ____; includes the _____
hindbrain, medulla oblongata
This is the most caudal portion of the brain, located in the myelencephalon, rostral to the spinal cord; contains part of the reticular formation (RAS)
Regulates vital functions such as the cardiovascular system, breathing, & skeletal muscle tone
medulla oblongata
______ serve the caudal part of the brain; run up vertebrae & swing up underneath the brain
vertebral arteries
serve rostral part of the brain; run up neck & go INTO brain
Internal Carotid Arteries
What is the circle of Willis?
a circle of arteries at the base of the brain that supply blood to the brain
contains anterior cerebral artery, middle cerebral artery, & posterior cerebral artery
most likely area to experience hemorrhage
what is the advantage of the circle of Willis?
multiple arterial pathways allow blood flow to the brain areas that require oxygen, nutrients, etc at a particular time
autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls…
___ activated
smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, & glands
stress-activated
- This branch increases blood flow, is fight or flight, and is located in the thoracolumbar (lower back)
– Controls adrenal medulla, releases adrenalin and
noradrenalin
Sympathetic Branch (ANS)
- This branch brings the body back to its resting state; conserves
energy
– located in the Craniosacral (top part of the spine)
– Increases salivation, digestion, release of digestive enzymes
Parasympathetic Branch (ANS)
What is the difference between NTs and hormones
NTs: released by terminal buttons onto postsynaptic neurons
Hormones: released into distal areas of the body by ADRENAL MEDULLA
ex. epinephrine –> adrenaline
norepinephrine –> noradrenaline
