Chapter 11 Flashcards
Emotions
Emotions refer to perturbations of
– Response patterns (subserve function) (3 things)
- Behavioral: muscle response (run away, approach, facial
expressions) - Autonomic: sympathetic and parasympathetic activation
- Hormonal: secretion of stress hormones (adrenalin)
Why do we have emotions? (4 things)
- They elicit autonomic responses to prepare for body movement
- They are motivating (approach or withdrawal)
- They persist, helping to ensure goal- directed behavior
- They enhance social bonding
Facial expressions signal our emotional states to others
* Facial expressions are common across cultures
– Positive emotions use what kind of activity?
– Negative emotions use what kind of activity?
zygomatic muscle activity – corners of mouth
corrugator muscle activity – forehead
We infer emotional states using: 2 things
– Visual cues (facial expression, body language)
– Auditory cues (intonation
Recognition of emotion in other persons involves
the right hemisphere.
- How do recognize emotion?
– Left-ear and left-visual field advantage for recognition of emotion
A lesion where would impair recognition of emotions from facial expressions or hand gestures
right hemisphere lesions
What is the James-Lange Theory of Emotion
We see emotional stimulus, have physiological response. We only appreciate the emotion we have after we experience the response.
Sweet’s study what happened to the man whose sympathetic nerves were transected on one side of the body
of reduced emotional sensation to music
Hohman’s study of emotions in persons sustaining accidental spinal cord transections found what
- High spinal cord transections produced greater reductions in emotional
intensity
Explain Canon Bard theory
Emotion is felt first and then action follows
the cognitive appraisal . . .
* The thalamus and amygdala play central
roles in “perceiving emotion”, and this
happens quickly for evolutionary reasons
* ALMOST simultaneously, the perceiver
will act
What is Schachter and Singer Theory?
- The experience of emotions involves both
physiological and cognitive processes - Exercise increases strength of emotion, especially
after a period of time . . .
– Physiological & Cognitive!
Ekman asked subjects to move facial muscles so as to create
facial expressions that accompany emotions, what happened?
– Different emotional expressions produced different changes in
autonomic NS activity:
* Anger: increased HR and skin temperature
* Fear: increased HR but decreased skin temperature
* Happiness: decreased HR, no change in skin temperature
Anatomy of the Amygdala
hypothalamus, parabrachial nucleus, nucleus accumbens, locus coeruleus, trigeminal pathway
Threat stimuli increase neural firing within ____
central
nucleus of the amygdala
Lesions of central nucleus diminish emotional
responses:
– Reduced fear responses to threat stimuli
– Reduced levels of stress hormones
– Reduced chance of developing ulcers to stress
- Electrical stimulation of central nucleus induces
fear and agitation
Lesions of the ____ abolish CER (Conditioned Emotion Response)
to tones previously paired with footshock
(LeDoux experiments)
central nucleus
Damage to the amygdala in humans alters what?
emotional memories
– No longer show preference for remembering
emotion-laden events
_____ have profound effect on the central nucleus to
reduce anxiety
Benzodiazepines (GABA agonists)
Some _____ have been found to cause amygdaloid activation
positive stimuli
What happened to Phineas Gage after the accident?
Where did the rod penetrate the brain?
exhibited reduced inhibitions and self-concern
Orbitofrontal Cortex
What are the regions of the Prefrontal Cortex
Orbitofrontal, Ventromedial, Dorsolateral
Lesions on the Orbitofrontal Cortex would do what?
reduce inhibition of behavior and impair the ability to have “appropriate” emotional responses
Lesions on the Ventromedial part of the brain would do what?
Impair ability to foresee positive and negative emotional consequences of behavior… Trouble planning/following through with future-oriented plans
damage to the left Dorsolateral would result in what?
Damage to left dorsolateral results in depression, not true for the right tissue in the right cerebrum
On average, positive emotion and negative emotion activate which side of the brain respectively?
positive emotion left side, negative right of dorsolateral cortices
A person with a Ventromedial lesion would choose what option in the trolley problem?
kill the one person, very utilitarian
The right cerebrum is responsible for:
Seems to be dominant in the expression and
perception of emotion
What did Ley and Bryden do?
Tachistoscopically (very quickly) presented negative and neutral faces to subjects’ LVF (right cerebrum) or RVF (left cerebrum), participants have to decide if the faces they see are emotional in nature
Found significant left visual field (LVF; Right cerebrum) bias for identifying when the face was affective in nature, essentially found that right side brain was more emotion sensitive
A person with a damaged right brain hemisphere would have troubles with what, what would a person with a damaged left brain hemisphere would have troubles with
difficulties in negative affect perception, difficulties in positive affect perception
Relative left-frontal arousal is associated with a more ____ perception of neutral stimuli
positive
Relative right-frontal arousal is associated with a more ____ perception of neutral stimuli
negative
A person with a Left-frontal stroke have ____ reactions
“Catastrophic” reactions, only have negative affect left
A person with Right-frontal stroke has ___ reactions
Indifference, affect personality
Depression is associated with the ____ hypoactivation of the brain, what kind of behavior is reduced?
left-frontal, approach/positive behavior
