Chapter 4 (Exam 2 Stuff Contd) Flashcards
_____ facilitates a neurotransmitters effect (make it stronger)
agonist
____ inhibits a neurotransmitter having an effect (making it weaker)
antagonist
What are the criteria for a Neurotransmitter? (4 parts)
1) Must be found in neuron
* 2) With an AP, must be released from
terminal buttons
* 3) Must make EPSP or IPSP on target tissue
* 4) Must be a mechanism to “turn it off”
– Enzyme degrades it in synapse
– Reuptake into the presynaptic neuron
What is the primary NT secreted by efferent PNS cells
Acetylcholine
This type of NT is 10-15% of all CNS neurons
Acetylcholine
In the PNS, Acetylcholine neurons are found in
The Autonomic ganglia (e.g. the heart)
– The neuromuscular junction (activation of muscle
movement)
ACh is degraded (terminated) by _____ in synapse
AChE
_______ interferes with AChE activity -> increases ACh and therefor restores muscle strength)
Neostygmine
Nicotinic receptors are found in the ______
skeletal muscle
ACh Receptors agonists are:
ACh Receptors antagonists are:
nicotine (increases muscle tone a little)
curare (blocks receptor -> paralysis, death)
Muscarinic receptors are found in _____ and _______
heart, smooth muscle
Muscarinic agonists:
Muscarinic antagonists:
muscarine (found in poison mushrooms)
Atropine (blocks receptors; “Belladonna”)
Persons with Alzheimer’s have ____ ACh
Why?
less,
Due to the degeneration of ACh neurons in the hippocampus and inferior frontal lobes. Loss of ACh synthesizing enzyme
the _____ transmitters share a common structure and form a family of neurotransmitters, _____ and ______
monoamine, Catecholamines, Indolamines :
Catecholamines include:
Indolamines include:
- dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine
- Serotonin
Dopamine is used by several neural systems:
Nigrostriatal system, mesolimbic, and mesocortical
Nucleus Accumbens, associated with _____
reward/pressure
Disorders due to catecholamines (3)
Parkinson’s, Depression, Schizophrenia
Degeneration of DA neurons between substantia nigra and the caudate nucleus is called…
Treatment is…
Parkinson’s disease, L-Dopa
____ prevents the storage of dopamine within vesicles by blocking monoamine transporters within neuron; is antagonist/agonis
(drug) reserpine, antagonist
what neural pathways use dopamine?
motor, emotion, & thinking/planning pathways
what are 3 disorders due to catecholamines?
- Parkinson’s
- depression
- schizophrenia
what are the risks of raking reserpine for hypertension?
NOR & adrenalin (causes of hypertension) are decreased, but 15% develop depression
tricyclic antidepressants are reuptake blockers that primarily affect both ___ and ____
norepinephrine & serotonin
what are 3 examples of tricyclic antidepressants?
- Amitriptyline (Elavil)
- Desipramine (Norpramin)
- Imipramine (Tofranil)
what are some side effects of tricyclics? (list 3)
- rapid heartbeat & dizziness upon standing
- overdose/cardiac complications
- anticholinergic effects (dry mouth/eyes, bright light sensitivity/pupil dilation, blurry vision)
What are the positive symptoms of Schizophrenia? (added stimulus)
- Hallucinations/Delusions
- Disorganized thoughts, speech, and behavior
- Stereotyped behavior - repetitive behavior without significant meaning
What are the negative symptoms of Schizophrenia (negative stimulus)
- Decreased affect (facial expressions)
- Alogia (decreased verbal output)
- Avolition (difficulty initiating goal-directed behavior)
Amphetamine psychosis, which produces symptoms consistent with schizophrenia because they both…
Receive a high input of NT, dopamine releases
List 4 Typical/Classica Antipsychotics (Neuroleptics)
Have more effect on reducing the pos/neg relative to the pos/neg symptoms
- Chlorpromazine (Thorazine)
- Haloperidol (haldol)
- Mesoridazine (Serentil)
- Thioridazine (Mellaril)
Have more effect on reducing the pos relative to the neg symptoms
What are some classic side-effects of Antipsychotics? List 5
Decreased DA -> less dopamine = (Parkinson’s Disease)
Acute Dystonis - uncontrolled movement of face, neck, and tongue
Oculomotor crisis - uncontrollable eye movements
Akathesia -Reslessness and agitation
Tardive dyskinesia - late appearing movement disorder” (starts with neck/tongue and, eventually, can nvolve the whole body)
How do Aytpical Antipsychotics differ from Antipsychotics?
Try to target the receptors as opposed to the dopamine in general
The locus coeruleus does what? Where is it located?
The locus coeruleus (within pons) gives rise to norepinephrine fiber systems to areas responsible for vigilence/attentiveness (frontal systems)
Where is norepinephrine synthesized?
Norepinephrine is synthesized from dopamine within vesicles
Norepinephrine is broken down by?
What antagonist inhibits MAO-A? What are the effects of this?
What NE agonist is used for ADHD?
MAO-A
Moclobemide, Moclobemide inhibits MAO-A (increases NE, agonist)
* Increases attentiveness, alertness, vigilence
Ritalin -> stimulant DA/NE blocker
Epinephrine is synthesized from? Where is released from? What does it do?
What is the Synthesizing enzyme called?
Norepinephrine, Released from adrenal medulla, Prepares body for action under stress . . .
PNMT (Phenyl ethanolamine-N-Methyltransferase)
Where is serotonin located? What does serotonin effect?
Serotonin cell bodies are located in brainstem raphe (RAS) and project to cortex Positive Affects - (emotion, arousal [sleep-wake cycles], visual system)
____ is an autoreceptor stimulator that reduces serotonin release
Serotonin termination:
– Reuptake is blocked by _____ (elevates 5HT aka serotonin)
8-OHDPAT, fluoxetine
In the monkey study, when removing the dominant monkey from the group, the beta monkey has increased levels of what _____? What happens when the dominant male is restored?
Removing the dominant male increases 5-HT (Serotonin) and restoring the alpha male lowers the 5-HT
Reduced levels of ___ and____ in brains of suicide
completers relative to those severely depressed
5-HT, 5-HIAA
Reduced ___ is associated with the “urge to act out hostility” subscale of the Hostility and Direction of Hostility Questionnaire
5-HIAA
_____ are chains of amino acids. Travel ___ than NT “(not ____ communication)”
Secrete in ____ amounts than NTS
there are _ known of these but the 2 most important are ____ & ____
Neuromodulators, farther, private
larger
8, Glutamate and GABA
Glutamate produces ____
GABA produces ____
EPSPs (increase likelihood of neuronal firing; Na+ or Ca++ channels open) -> alertness, promote CNS activation
IPSPs (produces IPSPs (decrease likelihood of firing, K+ or Cl- channels open) -> downers, inhibit CNS activation
Alcohol has a direct effect on ____ receptors
It is Agonistic/Antagonist by increasing/dec the amount of time that __ channels are open
GABA
Agonistic, increasing , Cl-
Seizures (uncontrollable neuronal firing) appear associated with decreased ____
This drug reduces GABA reuptake ____
GABA
Tiagabine -> in turn increasing the amount of GABA more IPSP
this type of gas can diffuse somewhat and affect more distant cells
What is one example?
Soluble gases
Nitric Oxide (NO) exerts effects within intestinal muscles, dilates brain blood vessels
