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Anaphy > Chapter 9: Senses > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Senses Flashcards

1
Q

process initiated by stimulating sensory receptors

A

Sensation

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2
Q

receptors distributed over a large part of the body

A

General Senses

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3
Q

Provide sensory information about the body and the environment

A

Somatic Senses

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4
Q

provide information about internal organs, mainly pain and pressure

A

Visceral Senses

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5
Q

sensory nerve endings or specialized cells capable of responding to stimuli by developing action potentials

A

Sensory Receptors

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6
Q

Types of Sensory Receptors

A
  • Mechanoreceptors
  • Chemoreceptors
  • Photoreceptors
  • Thermoreceptors
  • Nociceptors
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7
Q

sensory receptors that respond to temperature changes

A

Thermoreceptors

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8
Q

Sensory receptor that respond to stimuli that result in the sensation of pain

A

Nociceptors

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9
Q

sensory receptor that respond to mechanical stimuli

A

Mechanoreceptors

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10
Q

sensory receptor that respond to chemicals

A

Chemoreceptors

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11
Q

sensory receptor that respond to light

A

Photoreceptor

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12
Q

Type of sensory receptor thay consists of specialized cells that detect diff odor molecules present in the air

A

Olfactory Receptors

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13
Q

responsible for processing and interpreting information about different smells detected by our olfactory receptors in the nose

A

Olfactory Bulb

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14
Q

bundle of nerve fibers that connects the olfactory bulb to other regions of the brain, specifically the primary olfactory cortex

A

Olfactory Tract

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15
Q

primary means by which the sense of smell is transmitted to the CNS

A

Olfactory Nerves

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16
Q

sensory receptor responsible for sense of hearing

A

Hair cells

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17
Q

responsible for converting sound vibrations into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the brain

A

Cochlea

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18
Q

bundle of nerve fibers that carries auditory information from cochlea to the brain

A

Auditory Nerve

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19
Q

primary area responsible for processing auditory information including the perception and interpretation of sounds

A

Auditory Cortex

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20
Q

specialized in detecting mechanical stimuli such as pressure, touch, vibration, and stretch

A

Mechanoreceptors

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21
Q

sensitive to light touch and low-frequency vibrations

A

Meissner’s corpuscles

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22
Q

respond to sustained pressure and play a role in the perception of shapes and edges

A

Merkel Discs

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23
Q

Mechanoreceptors that are sensitive to rapid changes in pressure or vibration

A

Pacinian Corpuscles

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24
Q

Respond to sustained pressure and stretching of skin

A

Ruffini Corpuscles

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25
Q

responsible for our sense of taste allowing us to perceive and distinguish diff flavors

A

Taste Buds

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26
Q

key players in taste process

A

taste receptor cells

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27
Q

taste receptor cells have microscopic hair-like projections called __ __ or __

A

taste hairs or microvilli

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28
Q

Taste hairs or microvilli extend into a small opening called __ __

A

taste pore

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29
Q

sense of movement and position of the body and limbs

A

proprioception

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30
Q

simplest and most common receptors which are relatively unspecialized neuronal branches similar to dendrites

A

free nerve endings

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31
Q
  • structurally more complex than free nerve endings
  • many are enclosed by capsules
A

touch receptors

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32
Q

types of touch receptors

A
  • merkel disks
  • hair follicle receptors
  • meissner corpuscles
  • ruffini corpuscles
  • pacinian corpuscles
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33
Q
  • characterized by a group of unpleasant perceptual and emotional experiences
  • serves as one of the paramount signals our body provides to ensure our survival
A

pain

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34
Q

2 types of pain sensation

A
  • localized, sharp, pricking, or cutting pain
  • diffuse, burning, or aching pain
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35
Q

resulting from rapidly conducted action potentials

A

localized, sharp, prickling, or cutting pain

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36
Q

resulting from action potentials that are propagated more slowly

A

diffuse, burning, or aching pain

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37
Q

use of medicines to prevent pain during surgery and other procedures

A

anesthesia

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38
Q

anesthesia may be given through:

A
  • injection
  • inhalation
  • topical lotion
  • spray
  • eye drops
  • skin patch
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39
Q

types of anesthesia

A
  • local anesthesia
  • general anesthesia
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40
Q

a treatment where chemical anesthetics are injected near a sensory receptor or nerve, resulting in reduced pain sensation

A

local anesthesia

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41
Q

a treatment where chemical anesthetics that affect the reticular formation are administered

A

general anesthesia

42
Q

proposes the existence of neurological ‘gate’ within the spinal cord that regulates the transmission of pain signals to the brain

A

gate control theory

43
Q
  • closely related, both structurally and functionally
  • both are initiated by the interaction of chemicals with sensory receptors
A

smell and taste

44
Q

initiated by the interaction of light with sensory receptors

A

vision

45
Q

occurs in response to sound waves

A

hearing

46
Q

occurs in response to gravity or motion

A

balance

47
Q

sense of smell which occurs in response to airborne molecules called odorants that enter the nasal cavity

A

olfaction

48
Q

bipolar neurons within the olfactory epithelium which lines the superior part of the nasal cavity

A

olfactory neurons

49
Q

supporting the head’s structures and protecting the brain, including the eyes and nasal passages

A

frontal bones

50
Q
  • first cranial nerve
  • enables the sense of taste
A

fibers olfactory nerve

51
Q

transmits the olfactory nerves that carry the sense of smell

A

cribriform plate of ethmoid bone

52
Q
  • warms and humidifies the air as you breathe
  • acts as a barrier for the immune system to keep harmful microbes from entering the body
A

nasal cavity

53
Q
  • connect your nasal passages to the rest of your respiratory system
  • allows air to get from your nose to your lungs
A

nasopharynx

54
Q

involved with feeding, breathing, swallowing, and speech

A

palate

55
Q
  • thin, clear liquid consisting of water, salts, and protective immune cells
  • protects the tissue that lines your lungs, throat, and nasal and sinus passages and keeps them from drying out
A

mucus

56
Q

accessory structures (vision)

A
  • eyebrows
  • eyelids
  • conjunctiva
  • lacrimal apparatus
  • extrinsic eye muscles
57
Q

prevent perspiration and direct sunlight from entering the eyes

A

eyebrows

58
Q
  • lined with eyelashes
  • protects the eye from foreign objects
A

eyelids

59
Q

thin, transparent mucus membrane, covering the inner surface of the eyelids and the eye’s anterior surface

A

conjunctiva

60
Q

produces tears

A

lacrimal gland

61
Q

collects tears

A

lacrimal canaliculi

62
Q

opening to nasal cavity

A

lacrimal sac

63
Q

enables the movement of the eyeball

A

extrinsic eye muscles

64
Q

hollow, fluid-filled sphere

A

eyeball

65
Q

3 tissue layers or tunics of the eyeball’s wall

A
  • fibrous tunic
  • vascular tunic
  • nervous tunic
66
Q

outer and black part of the eye

A

fibrous tunic

67
Q

middle layer

A

vascular tunic

68
Q

inner and colored part of the eye

A

nervous tunic

69
Q

chambers of the eye

A
  • anterior chamber
  • posterior chamber
  • vitreous chamber
70
Q
  • filled with aqueous humor
  • help maintain pressure, refracts light, and provide nutrients to inner surface of eye
A

anterior chamber

71
Q

contains aqueous humor

A

posterior chamber

72
Q
  • filled with vitreous humor
  • help maintain pressure, hold lens and retina in place, refracts light
A

vitreous chamber

73
Q

leaves eye and exits orbit through optic foramen to enter cranial cavity

A

optic nerve

74
Q

where 2 optic nerves connect

A

optic chiasm

75
Q

route of ganglion axons to the thalamus

A

optic tracts

76
Q

extend from the thalamus to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe

A

optic radiations

77
Q

nearsightedness

A

myopia

78
Q

farsightedness

A

hyperopia

79
Q

lens becomes less elastic

A

presbyopia

80
Q

irregular curvature of lens

A

astigmatism

81
Q

absence or deficient cones

A

colorblindness

82
Q

increased pressure in eye

A

glaucoma

83
Q

part extending from the outside of the head to the tympanic membrane

A

external ear

84
Q
  • fleshy part of the external ear on the outside of the head
  • opens into the external auditory canal
A

auricle

85
Q

lined with hairs and ceruminous (wax) glands, which produce cerumen (earwax)

A

auditory canal

86
Q
  • eardrum
  • thin membrane that separates the external ear from the middle ear
A

tympanic membrane

87
Q

air-filled chamber medial to the tympanic membrane

A

middle ear

88
Q

3 auditory ossicles of the middle ear

A
  • malleus (hammer)
  • incus (anvil)
  • stapes (stirrup)
89
Q

consists of interconnecting tunnels and chambers within the temporal bone

A

inner ear

90
Q

involved in balance

A
  • vestibule
  • semicircular canals
91
Q

create sound waves

A

vibrations

92
Q

collected by the auricle and conducted through the external auditory canal toward the tympanic membrane

A

sound waves

93
Q

2 components of equilibrium

A
  • static equilibrium
  • dynamic equilibrium
94
Q

associated with the vestibule and is involved in evaluating the position of the head relative to gravity

A

static equilibrium

95
Q

associated with the semicircular canals and is involved in evaluating changes in the direction and rate of head movements

A

dynamic equilibrium

96
Q

mechanical deficiency in transmission of sound waves from outer ear to spiral organ

A

conduction deafness

97
Q

deficiencies of spiral organ or nerve pathways

A

sensorineural hearing loss

98
Q

phantom sound sensations such as ringing in ears

A

tinnitus

99
Q

can damage or rupture tympanic membrane in extreme cases

A

middle ear infection

100
Q
  • can decrease detection of sound and maintenance of balance
  • may be caused by chronic middle ear infections
A

inner ear infection

101
Q

caused when information to brain from semicircular canals conflicts with the information from eyes and position sensors in back and lower limbs

A

nausea

102
Q
  • vertigo, hearing loss, tinnitus, and a feeling of fullness in the affected ear
  • most common disease involving dizziness from inner ear
A

meniere disease

Anaphy (10 decks)

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