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Anaphy > Chapter 1: The Human Organism > Flashcards

Chapter 1: The Human Organism Flashcards

1
Q

anatomy & physiology is the study of the ____ and ____ of the human body

A
  • structure
  • function
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2
Q

relationship between structure & function

function _____ structure
structure _____ function

A
  • reflects
  • defines
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3
Q

scientific discipline that investigates the structure of the body

A

anatomy

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4
Q

study of the body by systems

A

systemic anatomy

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5
Q

study of the organization of the body by areas

A

regional anatomy

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6
Q

study of the external features

A

surface anatomy

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7
Q

use of technologies that create pictures of internal structures

A

anatomical imaging

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8
Q

scientific discipline that deals with the processes or functions of living things

A

physiology

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9
Q

study of a specific organism, the human

A

human physiology

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10
Q

2 subdivisions of human physiology

A
  • cellular physiology
  • systemic physiology
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11
Q

study of physiological process among cells

A

cellular physiology

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12
Q

study of specific organ systems and its functions

A

systemic physiology

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13
Q

involves how atoms interact and combine into molecules

A

chemical level

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14
Q

fundamental units of matter

A

atoms

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15
Q

group of atoms held together by chemical bond

A

molecules

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16
Q

involves how organelles combine and form cells

A

cell level

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17
Q

basic structural unit and functional unit of organisms

A

cells

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18
Q

small structures of molecules that make up eukaryotic cells

A

organelles

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19
Q

involves how cells group together to form tissues

A

tissue level

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20
Q

group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them

A

tissues

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21
Q

involves how tissues interact and form organs

A

organ level

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22
Q

composed of two or more tissue types that together perform one or more common functions

A

organs

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23
Q

involves how a number of organs work together to function as an organ system

A

organ system level

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24
Q

group of organs classified as a unit because of a common function or set of function

A

organ system

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25
Q
  • provides protection
  • regulates temperature
  • prevents water loss
  • helps produce vitamin D
A

integumentary system

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26
Q
  • provides protection and support
  • allows body movements
  • produces blood cells
  • stores minerals and adipose tissue
A

skeletal system

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27
Q
  • produces body movements
  • maintains posture
  • produces body heat
A

muscular system

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28
Q

detects sensations and controls movements, physiological processes, and intellectual functions

A

nervous system

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29
Q

influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions

A

endocrine system

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30
Q

transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body

A

cardiovascular system

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31
Q
  • removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph
  • combats disease
  • maintains tissue fluid balance
  • absorbs dietary fats from the digestive tract
A

lymphatic system

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32
Q

exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulates blood pH

A

respiratory system

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33
Q

performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes

A

digestive system

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34
Q

removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance

A

urinary system

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35
Q
  • produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization and fetal development
  • produces milk for the newborn
  • produces hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors
A

female reproductive system

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36
Q
  • produces and transfers sperm cells to the female
  • produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors
A

male reproductive system

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37
Q

involves how organ systems become mutually dependent with one another to form one fully-functional organism

A

organism level

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38
Q

any living thing considered as a whole

A

organism

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39
Q

specific relationship of the many individual parts of an organism interacting and working together

A

organization

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40
Q

ability to use energy to perform vital functions, such as growth, movement, and reproduction

A

metabolism

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41
Q

ability of an organism to sense changes in the environment and make the adjustments that help maintain its life

A

responsiveness

42
Q

an increase in size of all or part of the organism

43
Q

changes an organism undergoes through time

A

development

44
Q

change in cell structure and function from generalized to specialized

A

differentiation

45
Q

formation of new cells or new organisms

A

reproduction

46
Q

existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body despite fluctuations in either the external environment or the internal environment

A

homeostasis

47
Q

mechanisms that maintain biological systems near an average normal or set point

A

homeostatic mechanisms

48
Q

when any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is resisted

A

negative feedback mechanism

49
Q

3 components of negative feedback mechanism

A
  • receptor
  • control center
  • effector
50
Q

monitors the value of a variable, such as body temperature, by detecting stimuli

51
Q

determines the set point for the variable and receives input from the receptor about the variable

A

control center

52
Q

change the value of the variable when directed by the control center

53
Q

when the initial stimulus further stimulates the response

A

positive feedback mechanism

54
Q

refers to a person standing upright with the face directed forward, the upper limbs hanging to the sides, and the palms of the hands facing forward

A

anatomical position

55
Q

refers to the person lying face-up on their back

56
Q

refers to the person lying face-down on their stomach

A

prone position

57
Q

describe parts of the body relative to each other

A

directional terms

58
Q

above/up

59
Q

nearest

60
Q

toward the midline

61
Q

below/down

62
Q

distant

63
Q

away from the midline

64
Q

belly

65
Q

front

66
Q

close to the body

A

superficial

67
Q

back

A

dorsal or posterior

68
Q

toward the interior

69
Q

abdominal regions

A
  • right hypochondriac region
  • right lumbar region
  • right iliac region
  • epigastric region
  • umbilical region
  • hypogastric region
  • left hypochondriac region
  • left lumbar region
  • left iliac region
70
Q

hypothetical geometric planes used to divide the body into sections

71
Q

flight of an arrow and the way the body would be split by an arrow passing anteriorly or posteriorly

A

sagittal plane

72
Q

runs parallel to the surface of the ground dividing the body into superior and inferior parts

A

transverse plane

73
Q

runs vertically from right to left and divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

A

frontal plane

74
Q

cut along the length of the organ

A

longitudinal section

75
Q

cuts completely through an organ

A

transverse section

76
Q

made diagonally across the long axis

A

oblique section

77
Q

contains three large cavities that do not open to the outside of the body

A

trunk cavities

78
Q

surrounded by the rib cage and is separated from the abdominal cavity by the muscular diaphragm

A

thoracic cavity

79
Q

section that houses the heart, the thymus, the trachea, the esophagus, and other structures

A

mediastinum

80
Q

bounded primarily by the abdominal muscles and contains the stomach, the intestines, the liver, the spleen, the pancreas, and the kidneys

A

abdominal cavity

81
Q

small space enclosed by the bones of the pelvis and contains the urinary bladder, part of the large intestine, and the internal reproductive organs

A

pelvic cavity

82
Q

line the trunk cavities and cover the organs of these cavities

A

serous membranes

83
Q

part of a serous membrane lines the wall of the cavity

A

parietal part

84
Q

part of the serous membrane that covers the internal organs

A

visceral part

85
Q

3 serous membrane-lined cavities of the thoracic cavity

A
  • pericardial cavity
  • visceral pericardium
  • parietal pericardium
86
Q

surrounds the heart

A

pericardial cavity

87
Q

covers the heart

A

visceral pericardium

88
Q

forms outer layer of the sac around the heart

A

parietal pericardium

89
Q

fluid filling the pericardial cavity

A

pericardial fluid

90
Q

located between the visceral pleura and the parietal pleura and contains pleural fluid

A

pleural cavity

91
Q

lines the inner surface of the thoracic wall, the lateral surfaces of the mediastinum, and the superior surface of the diaphragm

A

parietal pleura

92
Q

contains a serous membrane lined cavity called the peritoneal cavity

A

abdominopelvic cavity

93
Q

covers many of the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity

A

visceral pertoneum

94
Q

lines the wall of the abdominopelvic cavity and the inferior surface of the diaphragm

A

parietal peritoneum

95
Q

located between the visceral peritoneum and the parietal peritoneum and contains peritoneal fluid

A

peritoneal cavity

96
Q

inflammation of the pericardium

A

pericarditis

97
Q

inflammation of the pleura

98
Q

inflammation of the peritoneum

A

peritonitis

99
Q

inflammation of the appendix

A

appendicitis

100
Q

found behind the parietal peritoneum

A

retroperitoneal organs

Anaphy (10 decks)

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