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Anaphy > Chapter 6: The Skeletal System > Flashcards

Chapter 6: The Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q
  • internal frame of the bone
  • body’s support structure
  • allow body movements (joints)
A

skeletal system

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2
Q

functions of skeletal system

A
  • body support
  • organ protection
  • body movement
  • mineral storage
  • blood cell production
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3
Q
  • formed where two or more bones come together
  • allow movement between bones
A

joints

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4
Q

covers the ends of bones within some joints, allowing the bones to move freely

A

smooth cartilage

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5
Q

allow some movement between bones but prevent excessive movements

A

ligaments

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6
Q
  • formation of blood cellular components
  • occurs during embryonic development and throughout adulthood
A

hematopoiesis

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7
Q

always contains collagen, ground substance and other organic molecules, as well as water and minerals

A

bone matrix

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8
Q

a tough, ropelike protein

A

collagen

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9
Q

large molecules consisting of many polysaccharides attaching to and encircling core proteins

A

proteoglycans

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10
Q

provides compressional strength

A

hydroxyapatite

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11
Q
  • Imperfect bone formation
  • a rare disorder caused by any one of a number of faulty genes that results in either too little collagen formation, or poor quality collagen
A

brittle bone disease (osteogenesis imperfecta)

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12
Q

3 bone cells:

A
  • osteoblast
  • osteocytes
  • osteoclast
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13
Q

produce bone matrices and become osteocytes

A

osteoblast

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14
Q
  • mature bone cells found in lacunae
  • produce the components needed to maintain the bone matrix
A

osteocytes

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15
Q
  • break down bone (with assistance from osteoblasts)
  • bone destroying cells and results in bone resorption
A

osteoclast

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16
Q

4 bone shapes

A
  • long bones
  • short bones
  • flat bones
  • irregular bones
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17
Q

longer than they are wide

A

long bones

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18
Q

are approximately as wide as they are long

A

short bones

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19
Q

have a relatively thin, flattened shape

A

flat bones

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20
Q

have specialized functions, such as providing protection while allowing bending and flexing of certain body regions

A

irregular bones

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21
Q

Has many spaces

A

spongy bone

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22
Q

has more matrix and is denser, with fewer pores than spongy bone

A

compact bone

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23
Q

the formation of bone by osteoblasts

A

ossification

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24
Q

2 types of ossification

A
  • Intramembranous ossification
  • Endochondral ossification
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25
Q

bone formation that occurs within connective tissue membranes

A

intramembranous ossification

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26
Q

bone formation that occurs inside hyaline cartilage

A

endochondral ossification

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27
Q

occurs by the deposition of new bone lamellae onto existing bone or other connective tissue

A

bone growth

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28
Q

“As osteoblasts deposit new bone matrix on the surface of bones between the periosteum and the existing bone matrix, the bone increases in width, or diameter”

A

appositional growth

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29
Q
  • bones are constantly changing
  • removal of existing bone by osteoclasts and the deposition of new bone by osteoblasts
  • responsible for changes in bone shape, the adjustment of bone to stress, bone repair, and calcium ion regulation in the body fluids.
A

bone remodelling

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30
Q

process of bone formation

A
  • hematoma formation
  • callus formation
  • callus ossification
  • bone remodeling
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31
Q

classifications of bone fractures

A
  • linear
  • complete
  • comminuted
  • incomplete
  • impacted
  • transverse
  • spiral
  • oblique
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32
Q

maintained by three hormones:

  • parathyroid hormone (PTH) from the parathyroid glands
  • vitamin D from the skin or diet,
  • calcitonin from the thyroid gland.
A

calcium homeostasis

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33
Q

total number of bones in the average adult skeleton

A

206

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34
Q

depression in a bone

A

fossa

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35
Q

rounded projection on a bone

A

tubercle or tuberosity

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36
Q

sharp projection from a bone

A

process

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37
Q

smooth, rounded end of a bone, where it forms a joint with another bone

A

condyle

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38
Q
  • composed of the skull, the vertebral column, and the thoracic cage
  • forms the longitudinal axis of the body
A

axial skeleton

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39
Q

total number of bones in the skull

A

22

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40
Q
  • encloses the cranial cavity
  • consists of 8 bones that immediately surround and protect the brain
A

braincase (neurocranium)

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41
Q
  • form the structure of the face
  • consists of 14 bones
A

facial bone (viscerocranium)

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42
Q

the _____ and _____ form a large portion of the side of the head

A
  • parietal bones
  • temporal bones
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43
Q

a joint uniting bones of the skull

A

suture

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44
Q
  • a large opening that is a prominent feature of the temporal bone
  • a canal that enables sound waves to reach the eardrum
A

external auditory canal

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45
Q

4 major structures seen from the frontal view of the skull

A
  • frontal bone
  • zygomatic bones
  • maxillae
  • mandible
46
Q

most prominent openings into the skull

A
  • orbits (eye sockets)
  • nasal cavity
47
Q

cone-shaped fossae, so named because the eyes rotate within them

A

orbits

48
Q

formed as the developing skull conforms to the shape of the brain

A

cranial fossae

49
Q

located in the occipital bone near the center of the skull’s base

A

foramen magnum

50
Q
  • an unpaired, U-shaped bone
  • It is not part of the skull, and has no direct bony attachment to the skull or any other bones.
A

hyoid bone

51
Q

the central axis of the skeleton, extending from the base of the skull to slightly past the end of the pelvis

A

vertebral column or spine

52
Q

in adults, the vertebral column (spine) consists of ____ individual bones

A

26

53
Q

the vertebral column is grouped into ____ regions

A

5

54
Q

number of cervicalvertebrae in the vertebral column

A

7

55
Q

number of thoracic vertebrae in the vertebral column

A

12

56
Q

number of lumbar vertebrae in the vertebral column

A

5

57
Q

The weight-bearing portion of each vertebra

A

body

58
Q

surrounds a large opening called the vertebral foramen

A

vertebral arch

59
Q

encloses and protects the spinal cord and protects it from injury

A

vertebral canal

60
Q

protects the vital organs within the thorax and prevents the collapse of the thorax during respiration

A

rib cage

61
Q

12 pairs of ribs can be divided into:

A
  • true ribs
  • false ribs
62
Q

divided into three parts:

  • the manubrium
  • the body (handle)
  • the xiphoid (sword) process
A

sternum

63
Q
  • depression at the superior end of the sternum
  • located between the ends of the clavicles where they articulate with the sternum
A

jugular notch

64
Q

appendicular skeleton consists of the bones:

A
  • pectoral girdle
  • upper limb
  • pelvic girdle
  • lower limb
65
Q

Consists of four bones:

  • two scapulae
  • two clavicles
A

pectoral girdle or shoulder figure

66
Q

a flat, triangular bone

A

scapulae

67
Q

also called as collarbone

A

clavicle

68
Q

consists of:

  • arm
  • forearm
  • wrist
  • hand
A

upper limb

69
Q

the region between the shoulder and the elbow which contains the humerus

A

arm

70
Q

2 bones of the forearm

A
  • ulna
  • radius
71
Q
  • located between the forearm and the hand
  • composed of 8 carpal bones
A

wrist

72
Q
  • attached to the carpal bones and from the bony framework of the hand
  • consists of 5 metacarpal bones
A

hand

73
Q

place where the lower limbs attach to the body

A

pelvic girdle

74
Q

consists of:

  • thigh
  • leg
  • ankle
  • foot
A

lower limb

75
Q
  • region between the hip and the knee
  • contains the femur
A

thigh

76
Q
  • Region between the knee and the ankle
  • Contains two bones: Medial Tibia and Lateral Fibula
A

leg

77
Q

Consists of the distal ends of the tibia and fibula forming a partial socket that articulates with the bone of the foot (talus)

A

ankle

78
Q

consists of 7 tarsals

A

foot

79
Q

3 primary arches in the foot

A
  • anterior transverse arch
  • medial longitudinal arch
  • lateral longitudinal arch
80
Q

commonly named according to the bones or portions of bones that join together

A

joints (articulation)

81
Q

classifications of joints acc to structure:

A
  • fibrous joint
  • cartilaginous joint
  • synovial joint
82
Q
  • articulating surfaces of two bones united by fibrous connective tissue
  • They have no joint cavity and exhibit little or no movement
A

fibrous joint

83
Q
  • unite two bones by means of cartilage
  • no movement
A

cartilaginous joint

84
Q

connecting cartilage can be:

A
  • hyaline cartilage (synchondroses)
  • fibrocartilage (symphyses)
85
Q

freely movable joints that contain fluid cavity surrounding the ends of articulating bones

A

synovial joint

86
Q

types of synovial joint

A
  • plane joints
  • saddle joints
  • hinge joints
  • pivot joints
  • ball-and-socket joints
  • ellipsoid joints
87
Q

consists of two opposed flat surfaces that glide over each other

A

plane joints

88
Q

movement can occur in two planes

A

saddle joints

89
Q

movement in one plane only

A

hinge joints

90
Q

restrict movement to rotating around a single axis

A

pivot joints

91
Q

allows a wide range of movement in almost any direction

A

ball-and-socket joints

92
Q

movement is limited due to the shape of joints

A

ellipsoid joints

93
Q

classification of joints acc to function:

A
  • synarthroses
  • amphiarthrosis
  • diarthroses
94
Q

non-movable joints

A

synarthroses

95
Q

slightly movable joints

A

amphiarthrosis

96
Q

freely movable joints

A

diarthroses

97
Q

types of movement

A
  • flexion
  • extension
  • hyperextension
  • abduction
  • pronation and supination
  • eversion
  • inversion
  • rotation
  • circumduction
  • protraction
  • retraction
  • elevation
  • depression
  • excursion
  • opposition
  • reposition
98
Q

A bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint to bring the articulating bones closer together

A

flexion

99
Q

A straightening movement that increases the angle of the joint to extend the articulating bones

A

extension

100
Q

extension of a joint beyond 180 degrees

A

hyperextension

101
Q

Movement away from medial or midsagittal plane

A

abduction

102
Q

Unique rotation of the forearm

A

pronation and supination

103
Q

turning the foot so that the plantar surface faces laterally

A

eversion

104
Q

turning the foot so that the plantar surface faces medially

A

inversion

105
Q

turning of a structure around its long axis, as in shaking the head “no” as well as the rotation in our arms

A

rotation

106
Q

Arm moves tracing a cone-like shape where the shoulder joint is at the cone’s apex

A

circumduction

107
Q

glides anteriorly

A

protraction

108
Q

glides posteriorly

A

retraction

109
Q

Movement of a structure in a superior direction.

A

elevation

110
Q

Movement of a structure in an inferior direction

A

depression

111
Q

Movement of a structure to one side, as in moving the mandible from side to side

A

excursion

112
Q

A movement unique to the thumb and little finger

A
  • opposition
  • reposition

Anaphy (10 decks)

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