Chapter 5: Integumentary System Flashcards
integument =
covering
the outside of the body, can easily observed and the appearance
Integumentary System
Functions of Integumentary System
- Protection
- Sensation
- Vitamin D Production
- Temperature Regulation
2 Major Tissue Layers of Skin
- Epidermis
- Dermis
most superficial layer of skin located upon the dermis that prevents water loss and resists abrasion
Epidermis
cells change shape and chemical composition
Keratinization
Two Types of Strata
- Stratum Basale
- Stratum Corneum
cuboidal/columnar cells that includes mitotic division in 19 days
Stratum Basale
Most superficial stratum of epidermis that is coated and surrounded by lipids
Stratum Corneum
layer of dense connective tissue and responsible for most of the skin’s structural strength
Dermis
These two are responsible for structural strength of the dermis
- Collagen
- Elastic Fibers
when skin is overstretched
Stretch Marks
projections on the upper part of the dermis that contain many blood vessels arranged in parallel curving ridges
Dermal Papillae
delivers substances to the body by puncturing the skin
Injection
3 Types of Injection
- Intradermal
- Subcutaneous
- Intramuscular
inserting a small needle at a shallow angle into the dermis
Intradermal Injection
Achieved by pinching the skin to form a tent and inserting a short needle into the adipose tissue of ST
Subcutaneous Injection
inserting a long needle at a 90-degree angle to the skin into a muscle deep to subcutaneous tissue
Intramuscular Injection
group of pigments prinarily responsuble for skin, hair and eye color that provides protection against UV light
Melanin
Melanin is produced by __ that are irregularly shapes cells with many long processes that extend between the epithelial cells
Melanocytes
move into the cell processes of melanocytes
melanosomes
produced by melanocytes
Melanin Production
____ stimulates melanocytes to increase melanin production
Suntan
recessive genetic trait that causes a deficits or an absence of melanin
Albinism
cause an increase in melanin production during pregnancy in the mother
Estrogen and Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormones
Blood flow increase =
red color intensifies
Blood flow decrease =
pale skin
decrease in the blood O2 content produces a bluish color of the skin
Cyanosis
yellow pigment found in plants such as squash and carrots and also the source of Vitamin A
Carotene
Subcutaneous Tissue is aka.
hypodermis
- attaches the skin to underlying bone and muscle and supplies it with blood vessels and nerves
- a loose connective tissue including adipose tissue that contains about half of the body’s stored lipids
Subcutaneous Tissue/Hypodermis
functions as padding and insulation in the subcutaneous tissue
Adipose Tissue
found everywhere on the skin, except on the palms, the soles, the lips, the nipples, parts of genitalia, and the distal segments of the fingers and toes
Hair
invagination of the epidermis that extends deep into the dermis and can play an important role in repair of the skin
Hair Follicle
associated with each hair follicle are smooth muscle cells called __ ___
Arrector pili
above the surface of the skin
Hair shaft
below the surface of the skin
Hair root
expanded base of the root
Hair bulb
a hair has a hard cortex which surrounds a softer center called ___
medulla
Cortex is covered by ____ that is a single layer of overlapping cells that holds the hair in the hair follicle
cuticle
An extension of the dermis that protrudes into the hair bulb
Hair Papilla
permanent loss of hair in men results in _____
pattern baldness
organ which produces and releases substances that perform a specific function in the body
Glands
Major Glands of the Skin
- Sebaceous Glands
- Sweat Glands
simple, branched acinar glands where most are connected by a duct to the superfifical part of a hair follicle and produces sebum
Sebaceous Glands
Two Kinds of Sweat Glands
- Eccrine
- Apocrine
located in almost every part of the skin but most numerous in the palms and soles and produce a secretion that is mostly water with a few salts
Eccrine Sweat Glands
- produce a thick secretion rich in organic substances
- this sweat galds open into hair follicles, but only in the armpits and genitalia, also becomes active at puberty
Apocrine Sweat Glands
thin plate consisting of layers of dead stratum corneum cells that contain a very hard type of keratin
nails
visible part of the nail
nail body
part of the nail covered by skin
nail root
stratum corneum that extends onto the nail body
Cuticle
Cuticle is also called as
eponychium
the nail root extends distantly from the __ ___
nail matrix
small part of the nail and can ge seen through the nail body as a whitish, crescent-shaped area at the base of the nail
Lunula
the nail also attached to the underlying __ ___, which is located distal to the nail matrix
Nail Bed
Physiology of Integumentary System
- Protection
- Sensation
- Vitamin D Production
- Temperature Regulation
- Excretion
inflammation of hair follicles and sebaceous glands
Acne
4 Factors Responsible for Acne
- hormones
- sebum
- abnormal production of cells
- bacterium Propionibacterium acnes
Integumentary as Diagnostic Aid
- Jaundice
- Rashes and Lesions
- Vitamin A Deficiency
- Iron Deficiency
- Hair
can occur when the liver is damagaed by a disease such as viral hepatitis
Jaundice
can be symptoms of problems elsewhere in the body
Rashes and Lesions
skin produces excess keratin and assumes a characteristic sandpaper texture
Vitamin A Deficiency
the nails lose their normal contour and become flat or concave
Iron Deficiency
injury to a tissue caused by heat, cold, friction, chemicals, electricity or radiation
Burns
involve only the epidermis and are red and painful where slight edemae or swelling may be present
First-Degree Burn
damage both the epidermis and dermis
Second-degree Burns
If dermal damage of a second-degree burn is minimal, symptoms include:
- redness
- pain
- edema
- blisters
the epidermis and dermis are completely destroyed and recovery occurs from the edges of the burn wound
Third-Degree Burns or Full-Thickness Burns
Symptoms of Burn
- Tissue damage of skin and possibly deeper tissue
- Edema
- shock
- microbial infection
Treatments of Burn
- intravenous fluids
- high-protein, high-calorie diet
- antimicrobials
- debridement
- skin grafts
most often associated with exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light from the sun and mostly develop on the face, neck or hands
Skin Cancer
Causes of Skin Cancer
- chemical
- radiation
- exposure to UV
a form of electromagnetic radiation that comes from the sun and man-made resources like tanning beds and welding torches
Ultraviolet Radiation
this type of UV radiation has longer wavelengths, penetrates the skin more deeply and causes most tanning of the skin and associated with the development of malignant melanoma
Ultraviolet A
this type of UV radiation has shorter wavelengths that primarily affects the outer layer of the skin and causes most burning of the skin and associated with the development of basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas
Ultraviolet B
Three Main Types of Cancer
- Basal Cell Carcinoma
- Squamous Cell Carcinoma
- Malignant Melanoma
skin cancer that begins with cells in the stratum basale and extends into the dermis to producr an open ulcer
Basal Cell Carcinoma
a skin cancer that develops from cells immediately superficial to the stratum basale and these cells continue to divide as they produce keratin
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
a rare form of skin cancer that arises from melanocytes, usually in preexisting mole
Malignant Melanoma
