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Anaphy > Chapter 4: Tissues > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

group of specialized cells and the extracellular substances surrounding them

A

tissues

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2
Q

microscopic study of tissue structure

A

histology

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3
Q

4 basic tissue type

A
  • epithelial tissue
  • nervous tissue
  • muscle tissue
  • connective tissue
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4
Q
  • covering or lining tissue
  • cellular tissue
  • also present in exocrine and endocrine glands
A

epithelial tissues

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5
Q

classifications of epithelial tissues based on number of cell layers

A
  • simple epithelium
  • stratified epithelium
  • pseudostratified
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6
Q

classifications of epithelial tissues based on idealized shapes of the epithelial cells

A
  • squamous epithelium
  • cuboidal epithelium
  • columnar epithelium
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7
Q
  • more than one layer of cuboids
  • relatively rare
  • sweat gland ducts, ovarian follicular cells, salivary glands
  • functions in absorption, secretion, protection
A

stratified cuboidal epithelium

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8
Q
  • more than one layer, only the surface is columnar
  • deeper layers are irregular or cuboidal
  • relatively rare
  • mammary gland ducts, larynx, and a portion of male urethra
  • carries out secretion, protection, and some absorption
A

stratified columnar epithelium

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9
Q
  • not in contact with other cells
  • can be smooth or folded and have microvilli and cilia
A

free cell surfaces

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10
Q

cell connections

A
  • desmosomes
  • hemidesmosomes
  • tight junctions
  • adhesion belts
  • gap junctions
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11
Q
  • mechanical links
  • bind cells together
A

desmosomes

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12
Q

cells to basement membrane

A

hemidesmosomes

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13
Q
  • form barriers
  • near free surface
  • surround each cell
A

tight junctions

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14
Q

help tight junctions

A

adhesion belts

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15
Q

for intercellular communication

A

gap junctions

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16
Q
  • secretory organs
  • composed of epithelial tissues
A

glands

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17
Q

types of glands

A
  • endocrine glands
  • exocrine glands
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18
Q

ductless gland that produces chemicals

A

endocrine gland

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19
Q

produce variety of products such as saliva, sweat, digestive tract secretions

A

exocrine glands

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20
Q

classifications of exocrine glands acc to structure of ducts

A
  • simple gland
  • compound gland
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21
Q

classification of exocrine glands acc to secretory region

A
  • tubular
  • acinar / alveolar
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22
Q

classifications of exocrine glands acc to how products leave the cell

A
  • merocrine secretion
  • apocrine secretion
  • holocrine secretion
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23
Q

release by exocytosis

A

merocrine gland

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24
Q

release as pinched-off fragments

A

apocrine gland

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25
Q

shedding of entire cells

A

holocrine gland

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26
Q
  • a primary tissue type found in every organ.
  • distinct from other tissue types due to its abundant extracellular matrix.
  • diverse in both structure and function
A

connective tissue

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27
Q

suffix that means “creates the matrix”

A

-blast

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28
Q

suffix that means “maintains the matrix”

A

-cyte

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29
Q

suffix that means “breaks the matrix down for remodeling

A

-clast

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30
Q

loose connective tissue is composed of:

A
  • areolar
  • adipose
  • reticular
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31
Q
  • a fine network of fibers with spaces between the fibers
  • fibroblasts, macrophages and lymphocytes are located in the spaces
A

areolar connective tissue

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32
Q

little extracellular matrix surrounding cells

A

adipose tissue

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33
Q

fine network of reticular fibers irregularly arranged

A

reticular tissue

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34
Q

dense connective tissue is composed of:

A
  • regular
  • irregular
  • elastic
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35
Q

matrix composed of collagen fibers running in somewhat the same direction in tendons and ligaments

A

dense regular collagenous

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36
Q

matrix composed of collagen fibers and elastin fibers running in somewhat the same direction in elastic ligaments

A

dense regular elastic

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37
Q

supporting connective tissue is composed of:

A
  • cartilage
  • bone
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38
Q
  • collagen fibers are small and evenly dispersed in the matrix, making the matrix appear transparent
  • the chrondocytes are found in spaces, or lacunae, within the firm but flexible matrix
A

hyaline cartilage

39
Q

cartilage can be classified into:

A
  • hyaline cartilage
  • fibrocartilage
  • elastic cartilage
40
Q
  • somewhat flexible and capable of withstanding considerable pressure
  • connects structures subjected to great pressure
A

fibrocartilage

41
Q
  • provides rigidity with even more flexibility than hyaline cartilage because they can return to their own shape
A

elastic cartilage

42
Q
  • provides great strength and support
  • protects internal organs
  • provides attachment site for muscles and ligaments
  • the joints allow movements
43
Q

bone can be classified into:

A
  • compact
  • spongy
44
Q

fluid connective tissue consists of

A
  • platelets
  • white blood cells
  • red blood cells
  • plasma
45
Q
  • bathes blood cells and platelets within blood vessels
  • contains proteins for blood coagulation and transports through the blood
  • higher amounts of protein
  • small percentage of extracellular fluid
46
Q
  • found between the cells of the tissues
  • surrounds the body cells, facilitating the exchange of nutrients and waste materials
  • lesser amounts of proteins
  • higher percentage of extracellular fluid
47
Q

to contract, shorten, making movement possible

A

muscle tissue

48
Q

types of muscle tissue

A
  • skeletal
  • cardiac
  • smooth
49
Q
  • fibers are striated, tubular, and multi nucleated
  • voluntary
  • usually attached to skeleton
A

skeletal muscle

50
Q
  • fibers are non-striated, spindle-shaped, and uninucleated
  • involuntary
  • usually covering wall of internal organs
A

smooth muscle

51
Q
  • fibers are striated, branched and uninucleated
  • involuntary
  • only covering walls of the heart
A

cardiac muscle

52
Q
  • forms the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
  • responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities which consists of neurons and support cells
A

nervous tissue

53
Q

responsible for conducting action potentials

A

neuron or nerve cell

54
Q

3 parts of neuron

A
  • cell body
  • dendrites
  • axons
55
Q
  • support cells of the nervous system
  • surround, nourish, protect, and insulate the neurons
A

neuroglia or glia

56
Q

a rapid sequence of changes in the voltage across a membrane

A

action potentials

57
Q
  • a thin sheet or layer of a tissue that covers a structure or lines a cavity
  • most membranes consist of epithelium and the connective tissue on which the epithelium rests
A

tissue membrane

58
Q

4 tissue membranes in the body

A
  • skin or cutaneous
  • mucous
  • serous
  • synovial
59
Q

external tissue membrane composed of stratified squamous epithelium and dense connective tissue

A

skin or cutaneous membrane

60
Q

internal tissue membrane that:

  • line cavities that open to the outside of the body
  • functions vary depending on the location but include protection, absorption, and secretion
A

mucous membrane

61
Q

internal tissue membrane that do not open to the outside of the body, and does not contain glands, but secrete a small amount of serous fluid

A

serous membranes

62
Q

small amount of fluid that lubricates the surface of membranes

A

serous fluid

63
Q

3 serous cavities

A
  • pericardial
  • pleural
  • peritoneal
64
Q

heart cavity

A

pericardial cavity

65
Q

lung cavity

A

pleural cavity

66
Q

cavity of most organs of the abdomen

A

peritoneal cavities

67
Q

internal tissue membrane that:

  • lines the cavities of freely movable joints
  • made up of only connective tissue and consist of modified connective tissue cells
  • either continuous with the dense CT of the joint capsule or separated from the capsule by areolar or adipose tissue
A

synovial membranes

68
Q

types of tissue damage

A
  • mechanical
  • chemical
  • infectious agents
69
Q

includes injuries from physical trauma

A

mechanical tissue damage

70
Q

caused by exposure to harmful substances

A

chemical tissue damage

71
Q

damage resulting from bacterial, viral, or other microbial infections

A

infectious agents tissue damage

72
Q

occurs when tissues are damages and can result from the immediate painful events that follow trauma

A

inflammation

73
Q

5 major symptoms of inflammation

A
  • redness
  • heat
  • swelling
  • pain
  • disturbance of function
74
Q

substances that are released or activated in the injured tissues and adjacent blood vessels after an injury

A

chemical mediators

75
Q

chemical mediators include:

A
  • histamine
  • prostaglandins
76
Q

a chemical that helps your immune system respond to allergy triggers and is involved in various bodily functions

77
Q

lipids that control inflammation, blood clotting, pain and labor

A

prostaglandins

78
Q

produced when nerve cell endings are stimulated by direct damage and by some chemical mediators to produce pain sensations

79
Q
  • swelling of the tissues
  • results when water, proteins, and other substances from the blood move into the tissues
80
Q

one of the proteins that forms a fibrous network that “walls off” the site of the injury from the rest of the body

81
Q
  • One type of blood cell that enters the tissues, a phagocytic white blood cell that fights infections by ingesting bacteria
  • die after ingesting a small number of bacteria
A

neutrophil

82
Q

mixture of dead neutrophils, other cells, and fluid that can accumulate

83
Q

caused by persistent injuries or prolonged exposure to irritants, can replace normal tissue with fibrous connective tissue, impairing organ function and potentially leading to death

A

chronic inflammation

84
Q

used to suppress symptoms of excessive inflammation by inhibiting the synthesis or actions of chemical mediators

A
  • antihistamine
  • anti-inflammatory agents
85
Q

suppress the effects of histamine released in people with hay fever

A

antihistamine

86
Q

effective anti-inflammatory agents that relieve pain

A
  • aspirin
  • ibuprofen
  • naproxen
87
Q

the substitution of viable cells for dead cells and can occur by regeneration or by fibrosis

A

tissue repair

88
Q

when the new cells are the same type as those that were destroyed, and normal function is usually restored

A

regeneration

89
Q
  • the predominant repair mechanism in some tissues
  • when a new type of tissue develops that eventually causes scar production and the loss of some tissue function
90
Q

process of tissue repair

A
  • clot is first formed
  • new epithelial tissue cells grow into the wound
  • formation of granulation tissue
  • granulation tissue is replaced with new connective tissue
91
Q

contains the threadlike protein fibrin, which binds the edges of the wound together and stops the bleeding

92
Q

The surface of the clot that dries to form into a ____, which seals the wound and helps prevent infection

93
Q

a delicate, granular-appearing connective tissue that consists of fibroblasts, collagen, and capillaries

A

granulation tissue

94
Q

a result of the contraction of fibroblasts in the granulation tissue, pulls the edges of the wound closer together

A

wound contracture

Anaphy (10 decks)

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