Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anaphy > Chapter 2: The Chemical Basis of Life > Flashcards

Chapter 2: The Chemical Basis of Life Flashcards

1
Q

the study of the composition and structure of substances and the reactions they undergo

A

basic chemistry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

anything that occupies space and mass

A

matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

amount of matter in an object

A

mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Results from the gravitational attraction between the earth and an object

A

weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

the simplest type of matter having unique chemical and physical properties

A

elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

composed of only one kind of atom

A

element

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

the smallest particle of an element that has the chemical characteristics of that element

A

atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

protons and neutrons are in the _____

A

nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

electrons can be represented by an ______ around the nucleus

A

electron cloud

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

the unique number of protons and electrons in each atom of an element

A

atomic number

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

refers to the number of protons and neutrons

A

mass number

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

chemical reactivity is determined by

A

electronegativity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Results when an electron is transferred from an atom with a weaker electronegativity to an atom with a stronger electronegativity

A

ionic bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Results when a pair of electrons is shared between atoms with similar electronegativities

A

covalent bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

unequal sharing of electron pairs

A

polar covalent bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

the weak attraction between the oppositely charged regions of polar molecules

A

hydrogen bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

two or more atoms chemically combined to form a structure that behaves as an independent unit

A

molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

two or more different types of atoms chemically combined

A

compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

the separation of ions in an ionic compound by polar water molecules

A

dissociation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

combination of reactants to form a new, larger product

A

synthesis reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

breakdown of larger reactants into smaller products

A

decomposition reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

a combination of a decomposition reaction and a synthesis reaction

A

exchange reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The reactants can form products, or the products can form reactants

A

reversible reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

the capacity to do work

A

energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

stored energy that could do work that exists in chemical bonds

A

potential energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

does work by causing the movement of an object

A

kinetic energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

theories of acids and bases

A
  • the arrhenius theory
  • the lewis theory
  • the bronsted-lowry theory
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

states that “an acid generates H+ ions in a solution whereas a base produces an OH– ion in its solution”

A

the arrhenius theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

definition of acids and bases describes “acids as electron-pair acceptors and bases as electron-pair donors”

A

the lewis theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

defines “an acid as a proton donor and a base as a proton acceptor”

A

the bronsted-lowry theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

containing substance that is capable of donating a proton (hydrogen ion) to another substance

32
Q

is a molecule or ion able to accept a hydrogen ion from an acid

33
Q

is a measure of the how acidic / basic water is

34
Q

pH of less than 7 indicate _____

35
Q

pH of greater than 7 indicates a ____

36
Q

a compound consisting of a positive ion other than H+ and a negative ion other than OH−

37
Q

a solution that can resist pH change upon the addition of an acidic or basic component

38
Q

deals with substances that do not contain carbon

A

inorganic chemistry

39
Q

study of carbon-containing substance

A

organic chemistry

40
Q

a small, nonpolar, inorganic molecule consisting of two oxygen atoms bound together by a double covalent bond

41
Q

consists of one carbon atom bound to two oxygen atoms

A

carbon dioxide

42
Q

consists of one oxygen atom bound to two hydrogen atoms

43
Q

the ff. are unique properties of ______

  • stabilize body temperature
  • provide protection
  • facilitate chemical reaction
  • transport substance
44
Q

4 major groups of organic molecules

A
  • carbohydrates
  • lipids
  • proteins
  • nucleic acids
45
Q

composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms

A

carbohydrates

46
Q

types of carbohydrates

A
  • monosaccharides
  • disaccharides
  • polysaccharides
47
Q

simplest carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides

48
Q

consists of two monosaccharides (2 sugars), covalent bonding

A

disaccharides

49
Q

consist of many monosaccharides bound in long chains

A

polysaccharides

50
Q
  • main storage form of glucose in humans
  • serves as a ready supply for more glucose for ATP Production
A

polysaccharides

51
Q

examples of monosaccharides

A
  • glucose
  • fructose
52
Q

examples of disaccharides

A
  • sucrose
  • lactose
53
Q

examples of polysaccharides

A
  • glycogen
  • starch
  • cellulose
54
Q

the ff. are functions of _________

  • short-term energy storage
  • converted to glucose quickly
  • Glucose is used to make ATP (energy)
  • Brain cells require glucose
A

carbohydrates

55
Q

substances that dissolve in nonpolar solvents

56
Q

main components of lipids

A
  • carbon
  • hydrogen
57
Q

minor components of some lipids

A
  • phosphorus
  • nitrogen
58
Q

examples of lipids

A
  • fats
  • oils
  • cholesterol
  • triglycerides
  • phospholipids
59
Q

functions of ____ are:

  • providing protection and insulation
  • helping regulate many physiological processes
  • forming membranes
  • the major storage of molecules
60
Q
  • important energy-storage of molecules
  • also pad and insulate the body
61
Q

building blocks of fats

A
  • glycerol
  • fatty acids
62
Q

the most common type of fat molecules

A

triglycerides

63
Q

Single covalent bonds between carbon atoms

A

saturated lipids

64
Q

one or more double covalent bonds between carbons

A

unsaturated lipids

65
Q

composed of a polar region containing phosphate and a nonpolar region consisting of two fatty acid chains

A

phospholipids

66
Q

polar molecules are said to be _______

A

hydrophilic (water-loving)

67
Q

nonpolar molecules do not dissolve in water and so are called _____

A

hydrophobic

68
Q

building blocks of protein

A

amino acids

69
Q

organic acids containing amine group, a carboxyl group, and a side chain designated by the symbol R.

A

amino acids

70
Q

occurs when the hydrogen bonds that maintain shape of a protein are broken and the protein becomes nonfunctional

A

protein denaturation

71
Q

proteins are composed of:

A
  • carbon
  • hydrogen
  • oxygen
  • nitrogen
  • sulfur
72
Q

organic catalysts that increase the rate at which biochemical reactions proceed without the enzyme being permanently changed

73
Q

nucleic acids are composed of:

A
  • carbon
  • hydrogen
  • oxygen
  • nitrogen
  • phosphorus
74
Q

contains genes, which determine the amino acid sequence, and thus the structure of proteins

75
Q

exists in three forms that are important for protein synthesis

76
Q

three forms of RNA

A
  • mRNA
  • rRNA
  • tRNA
77
Q

often called the energy currency of cells because it is capable of both storing and providing energy

Anaphy (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions