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MedMicro Ni Sir Danny > Chapter 9- Reporting > Flashcards

Chapter 9- Reporting Flashcards

1
Q

Includes initiation of the infectious process and the mechanisms that
lead to the development of signs and
symptoms of disease.

A

pathogenesis of bacterial infection

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2
Q

Bacteria sticking to host cell surfaces, a
crucial initial step in infection

A

adherence

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3
Q

: Asymptomatic individual capable of
transmitting infection to others.

A

carrier

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4
Q

Multiplication of infectious agents within
the body, excluding normal microbiota.

A

infection

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5
Q

Entry of pathogens into host cells or tissues,
spreading in the body.

A

invasion

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6
Q

Normal microbial flora in healthy
individuals

A

microbiota

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7
Q

Microorganism not causing disease,
possibly part of microbiota.

A

nonpathogen

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8
Q

Causes disease when host
resistance is compromised.

A

opportunistic pathogen

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9
Q

: Microorganism capable of causing disease

A

pathogen

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10
Q

Infectious agent’s ability to cause
disease.

A

pathogenicity

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11
Q

Toxins stimulating massive cytokine
production by T cells

A

superantigen

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12
Q

Microorganism’s ability to produce
toxins contributing to disease.

A

toxigenicity

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13
Q

: Agent’s quantitative ability to cause
disease; involves adherence, persistence, invasion, and toxigenicity.

A

virulence

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14
Q

postulates provide guidelines for
establishing infectious disease causation, though exceptions exist

A

Robert Koch

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15
Q

offers new tools to study
pathogenic bacteria, including molecular cloning for
isolating and modifying virulence genes.

A

modern microbial genetics

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16
Q

amplifies microorganism-specific nucleic acid sequences from
host tissues, aiding identification

A

polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

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17
Q

adapt to various environments, including
those within and outside hosts, enhancing survival and transmission

A

bacteria

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18
Q

species transmitted through food, and Yersinia pestis via fleas from rodents

A

salmonella and campylobacter

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19
Q

contaminates water sources, while
Mycobacterium tuberculosis spreads through
respiratory aerosols.

A

vibrio cholerae’s voluminous diarrhea

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20
Q

is common for many bacteria,
with nosocomial infections often spread by hospital personnel. Handwashing is vital for infection control.

A

hand transmission

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21
Q

typically enter the body through
mucous membranes or damaged skin, where normal defenses are overcome for infection to occur.

A

pathogenic bacteria

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22
Q

typically begin with bacteria attaching to
host cells, often epithelial cells, establishing a primary site of infection.

A

infections

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23
Q

enables bacteria to disseminate throughout the body and
colonize tissues conducive to their growth

A

bacteremia

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24
Q

For instance, pneumococcal pneumonia
starts when Streptococcus pneumoniae,
commonly found in the ______________ of
healthy individuals, is aspirated into the lungs.

A

nasopharynx

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25
Q

_____________ can enter the
bloodstream, causing bacteremia in 10-20% of
cases, potentially spreading to secondary sites
like cerebrospinal fluid, heart valves, and
joints, resulting in complications like
meningitis and endocarditis.

A

Pneumococci

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26
Q

are genetic elements in
bacterial genomes associated with virulence. They typically have different guanine plus cytosine (G + C) content, are often linked to tRNA genes and mobile
genetic elements, and exhibit genetic instability

A

pathogenicity islands

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27
Q

which contribute to
urinary tract infections, and Salmonella serotype Typhimurium SPI-1, involved in cell invasion and
diarrhea.

A

E. coli PAI 1536 and II536

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28
Q

Regulation of bacterial virulence factors is complex and influenced by environmental signals like

A

temperature, iron availability, and pH

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29
Q

adjusts expression of virulence factors
based on temperature, crucial for adapting to the host
environment.

A

yersinia pestis

30
Q

is crucial for bacteria in their environmental
niches, although not always in disease pathogenesis.

A

motility

31
Q

are motile at lower temperatures but lose motility at host temperature, indicating adaptation to different
environments.

A

yersinia enterocolitica and listeria monocytogenes

32
Q

the ability to cause infection and disease.

A

bacterial virulence

33
Q

is a critical step in the
infectious process for many pathogens.

A

bacterial invasion

34
Q

adhere to and invade
host cells by inducing actin polymerization, leading to the formation of pseudopods and subsequent engulfment

A

shigella species

35
Q

Listeria monocytogenes
adheres to and invades intestinal cells, facilitated by proteins called ______________

A

internalins

36
Q

employs a similar
adherence-invasion process

A

Yersinia enterocolitica

37
Q

induces coiling phagocytosis
in pulmonary macrophages.

A

Legionella pneumophila

38
Q

utilizes pili and opacity-associated proteins (Opa) to adhere to and invade host
cells

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

39
Q

which is present in the outer membrane of gram-negative rods

A

endotoxin

40
Q

produced by both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, are medically significant due to their
role in various diseases.

A

exotoxins

41
Q

derived from modified
exotoxins, have been pivotal in disease prevention

A

toxoids

42
Q

aids in host cell adherence and
entry

A

B subunit

43
Q

provides toxicity

A

A subunit

44
Q

secretes diphtheria toxin,
inhibiting protein synthesis by modifying peptide chain elongation factor EF-2

A

C. diphtheriae

45
Q

produces a highly potent toxin
that inhibits acetylcholine release, causing
flaccid paralysis

A

C. botulinum

46
Q

results from various necrotizing
toxins damaging cell membranes and tissues.

A

C. perfringens

47
Q

often associated with diarrheal diseases,
are a significant concern due to their impact on public health.

A

Enterotoxins

48
Q

a cause of cholera, produces an
enterotoxin that leads to life-threatening diarrhea through increased adenylate cyclase activity and cAMP concentration in intestinal cells

A

V. cholerae

49
Q

Gram-negative bacteria release lipopolysaccharides (LPS), also known as ___________, when they lyse.

A

endotoxins

50
Q

The pathophysiological effects of LPS include

A
  • Fever
  • Leukopenia
  • hypotension,
  • shock, intravascular coagulation,
  • organ dysfunction.
51
Q

occurs early, coinciding
with fever onset, and is followed by leukocytosis.

A

LPS-induced leukopenia

52
Q

occurs early in gram-negative bacteremia or after injection of LPS.

A

Hypotension

53
Q

is a frequent complication of gram-negative bacteremia and can also occur in other infections

A

Disseminated intravascular coagulation

54
Q

the first step of the intrinsic clotting system—
and sets into motion the coagulation cascade, which culminates in the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin

A

Hageman factor

55
Q

is made up of crosslinked macromolecules that surround the bacterial.

A

peptidoglycan of gram-positive bacteria

56
Q

produces collagenase, which breaks
down collagen and facilitates the spread of infection in tissues

A

C. perfringens

57
Q

secretes coagulase, which, along with
blood factors, induces plasma coagulation, forming fibrin walls around lesions and protecting bacteria
from phagocytosis

A

S. aureus

58
Q

produced by various bacteria, degrade hyaluronic acid, aiding in
tissue penetration

A

Hyaluronidases

59
Q

which activates plasma proteolytic enzymes,
promoting fibrin clot dissolution and bacterial spread.

A

streptokinase

60
Q

is the predominant antibody
on mucosal surfaces, existing in two primary forms: IgA1 and IgA2

A

immunoglobulin A

61
Q

serves as a key virulence factor for these pathogens, enabling them to evade the host’s mucosal immune defenses

A

IgA1 protease

62
Q

is vital for the growth and metabolic processes of most microorganisms, serving as a cofactor in various enzymatic reactions

A

iron

63
Q

requires iron as an essential
virulence factor.

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

64
Q

is widespread and affects
numerous organ systems, including the immune system.

A

Human iron deficiency

65
Q

can impair cell-mediated
immunity and reduce polymorphonuclear cell function, predisposing individuals to infections

A

Iron deficiency

66
Q

m is a cluster of bacteria attached to surfaces
or each other, encased in an exopolysaccharide matrix.

A

biofilm

67
Q

are shielded from the host’s immune
response by the exopolysaccharide matrix and can resist some antimicrobials due to diffusion barriers.

A

biofilm bacteria

68
Q

cause disease through the elaboration of factors that facilitate adherence, persistence, invasion, and toxigenicity.

A

virulent bacteria

69
Q

are rodlike or hairlike structures, respectively, that facilitate attachment to host cells.

A

Pili and fimbriae

70
Q

is a complex mechanism that involves elaboration of proteins that facilitate entry

A

invasion of host cells

MedMicro Ni Sir Danny (11 decks)

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