Chapter 5 and 6 Flashcards
requirements for growth
C,H,O,N,S,P
K,Na,Fe,Mg,Ca,Cl
synthesis requires
chemical energy in ATP
anhydride bonds
this is the potential energy
proton motive force
part of mitochondrion or
chloroplast
eukaryotes
cytoplasmic membrane of the
cell
prokaryotes
Sources of Metabolic Energy
Fermentation
Respiration
Photosynthesis
what are the carbon sources?
autotrophs, chemolitotrophs, heterotrophs
what are the nitrogen sources?
ammonia, nitrogen fixation, denitrification, ammonification
use photosynthetic energy to
reduce CO2
autotrophs
use an inorganic substrate as carbon source
chemolitotrophs
requires organic carbon for growth
heterotrophs
end product for nitrogen
assimilation
ammonia
unique property of
prokaryotes
nitrogen fixation
NH3 to gaseous N2
denitrification
NH3 production by
deamination of amino acid
ammonification
forms several coenzyme found in cysteinyl
and methionyl of protein
cannot be used by plants and animals but not in autotrophic bacteria
hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
sulfur source
required component of ATP; nucleic acids, coenzymes as NAD, NADP and flavins
lipids, cell wall and some capsular
polysaccharides
phosphorus source
Magnesium ion, ferrous ion, iron, potassium, calcium
mineral source
required component of ATP; nucleic acids, coenzymes as NAD, NADP and flavins
lipids, cell wall and some capsular polysaccharides
growth factors
polysaccharide extract of marine alga
liquid medium or agar
environmental factors affecting growth
ph, temperature, and aeration
neutralophiles
acidophiles
alkaliphiles
hydrogen ion concentration (pH)
Psychrophilic
Mesophilic
Thermophilic - Hyperthermophilic
temperature
obligate aerobes
facultative anaerobes
obligate anaerobes
microaerophiles
aerotolerant anaerobes
aeration
what are the Ionic Strength and Osmotic Pressure
halophilic and osmophilic
organisms requiring high salt concentration
halophilic
requiring high osmotic pressure
osmophilic
Growing Cells of a Given Species
Microbiologic Examination of Natural Minerals
Isolation of a Particular Type of Microorganism
medium
Isolation of a bacterial organism in pure culture
plating and dilution
The sum of all chemical reactions in
an organism
metabolism
Provides energy and building
blocks for anabolism.
catabolism
Uses energy and building blocks to
build large molecules
anabolism
- is a sequence of enzymatically catalyzed chemical reactions in a cell.
- are determined by enzymes, which are encoded by genes
metabolic pathways
Biological catalysts; specific; not used up in
that reaction
enzymes
what are the enzyme components
Apoenzymes, Cofactors, Holoenzymes
Coenzymes (NAD+ , NADP+ , FAD)
what are the regulation of enzyme activity?
- enzyme of allosteric protein
- feedback inhibition
- allosteric activation
- cooperativity
- covalent modification of enzyme
- enzyme inactivation
have additional binding site
effectors (inhibitor or activator)
enzyme of allosteric protein
Prevent product formation by binding to an allosteric site
feedback inhibition
Bind away from the active site
allosteric activation
multiple binding
cooperativity
Removal of chemical groups
covalent modification of enzyme
