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MedMicro Ni Sir Danny > Chapter 10- Reporting-Dev > Flashcards

Chapter 10- Reporting-Dev Flashcards

1
Q

Derived from the ectoderm and it is important that it has been called “fourth germ layer”

A

Neural crest

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2
Q

a population of multipotent progenitor cells
that can produce tissues that emerges from
the dorsal neural tube during early
development.

A

neural crest

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3
Q
  • has the capacity to differentiate into
    particular cell types associated with multiple
    cell lineages
A

neural crest

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4
Q
  • Neurons; sensory
    ganglia, sympathetic
    and parasympathetic
    ganglia, plexuses
  • Neurological cells
  • Schwann cells
A

Peripheral Nervous System

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5
Q
  • Adrenal medulla
  • Calcitonin-secretory cells
  • Carotid body type 1 cells
A

Endocrine and Paraendocrine derivatives

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6
Q
  • Epidermal pigment
    cells (melanocytes)
A

pigment cells

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7
Q
  • Facial and anterior
    ventral skull and
    cartilage and bones
A

facial cartilage and bones

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8
Q
  • corneal endothelium and stroma
  • Tooth papillae
  • Dermis, smooth
    muscle, adipose tissue
    of skin, head and neck
A

connective tissue

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9
Q

Process by which
neural crest cells are specified from the
neuroectoderm.

A

Neural crest induction

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10
Q

thickenings in the surface ectoderm that will
generate the eye lens, inner ear, olfactory
epithelium, and other sensory structures.

A

placodes

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11
Q

Regionalization of the neural crest

A
  1. Trunk Neural Crest Cells
  2. Cranial Neural Crest Cells
  3. Cardiac Neural Crest Cells
  4. Vagal and Sacral Neural Crest Cells
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12
Q

what are the two migratory paths of trunk neural crest?

A

ventral-lateral migration (early-migrating NCC) and Dorsal-lateral migration (late-migrating NCC)

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13
Q

come around the neural tube and start coming downward through the somite

A

ventral-lateral migration

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14
Q

around the somite on the outer rim

A

dorsal-lateral migration

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15
Q

a protein that repels neural
crest cells.

A

semaphorin-3F

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16
Q

The dorsolateral pathway has already
become specified as _____________ (pigment
cell progenitors) and they are led along the
dorsolateral route by chemotactic fctors and
cell matrix glycoproteins.

A

melanoblasts

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17
Q
  • The head is largely the product, and the
    evolution of jaws, teeth, and facial cartilage
    occurs through changes in the placement of
    these cells.
  • Migrate to produce the craniofacial
    mesenchyme and pharyngeal
    mesenchyme
A

cranial neural crest cells

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18
Q

three major streams of the cranial crest cells

A
  1. From the midbrain and rhombomeres 1 and
  2. From rhombomere 4
  3. From rhombomeres 6-8
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19
Q
  • The caudal region of the cranial neural
    crest.
  • Only these particular neural crest cells
    generate the endothelium of the aortic arch
    arteries and the septum between the aorta and the pulmonary artery
A

Cardiac neural crest cells

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20
Q
  • form the enteric ganglia of the gut tube and control intestinal peristalsis
  • ________, once past the somites, enter into the foregut and spread to most of the digestive tube
  • _________, colonize the hindgut
A

vagal neural crest and sacral neural crest

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21
Q

Pathway: migration of crest cells in the gut
tissue&raquo_space; attraction of cells by GDNF&raquo_space;
binding of GDNF to Ret receptor

A

vagal and sacral neural crest

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22
Q

The process by which enteric neural crest
cells are deposited in the gut has been
called ______________

A

directional dispersal

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23
Q

who listed the eight stages of neurogenesis?

A

Goodman and Doe (1993)

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24
Q

what are the eight stages of neurogenesis?

A
  1. Induction and patterning of a neuron-forming
    (neurogenic) region
  2. Birth and migration of neurons and glia
  3. Specification of cell fates
  4. Guidance of axonal growth cones to specific
    targets
  5. Formation of synaptic connections
  6. Binding of trophic factors for survival and
    differentiation
  7. Competitive rearrangement of functional
    synapses
  8. Continued synaptic plasticity during the
    organism’s lifetime
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25
Q

three major systems of axon guidance

A

motor neurons, commissural neurons, and optic system

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26
Q

whose axons travel from
the spinal cord to a specific muscle

A

motor neurons

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27
Q

whose axons must
cross the midline plane of the embryo to
innervate targets on the opposite side of the
central nervous system

A

commissural neurons

28
Q

where axons originating
in the retina must find their way back into the
brain.

A

optic system

29
Q

three steps of axonal specificity

A

pathways selection, target selection, address selection

30
Q

The axons travel
along a route that leads to a particular region
of the embryo.

A

pathways selection

31
Q

The axons, once they
reach the correct area, recognize and bind to
a set of cells with which they may form
stable connections.

A

target selection

32
Q

The initial patterns are
refined such that each axon binds to a
small subset of its possible targets.

A

address selection

33
Q

Neurons at the ventrolateral margin of the
vertebrate neural tube become motor
neurons, and one of their first steps toward
maturation involves ______________

A

target specificity

34
Q

Motor neurons in similar places have similar targets

A

● LMC » Limb musculature
● MMC » Axial musculature
● HMC » Intercostal musculature
● PGC » Sympathetic ganglia

35
Q

The ___________ and ____________, are most
well-known membrane proteins (but not
exclusively) for their role as repellent
guidance cues during the patterning of
axonal anatomy

A

ephrins and semaphorins

36
Q

The proteins of the semaphorin-3 family, also
known as ______________, are secreted proteins
and collapse the growth cones of axons
originating in the dorsal root ganglia.

A

collapsins

37
Q
  • they coordinate right and left motor activities
  • their axons begin growing ventrally down the side of the neural tube
  • About two-thirds of the way down,
    however, the axons change direction and
    project through the ventrolateral neuron
    area of the neural tube toward the floor
    plate.
  • Two systems involved in attracting the axons
    of dorsal commissural neurons to the ventral
    midline.
A

Commissural neurons

38
Q

is made in and secreted from the floor
plate and is distributed in a concentration
gradient that is high ventrally and low
dorsally

A

Sonic hedgehog (Shh)

39
Q

which is identified
by an assay developed to screen for
diffusible molecules that might guide the
axons of commissural neurons

A

netrin

40
Q

is made by, and secreted
from, the floor plate cells, whereas netrin-2 is
synthesized in the lower region of the spinal
cord but not in the floor plate.

A

netrin-1

41
Q

are needed as a driving
force for a commissural axon to cross the
midline and grow way from it

A

repulsive cues

42
Q

One important chemorepulsive group of
molecules is the ____________, which are
expressed and secreted by midline cells

A

slit proteins

43
Q

secreted by the glial cells
at the midline of the nerve cord, and it acts to
prevent most axons from crossing the
midline from either side

A

Slit

44
Q

are the receptors for
Slit. Expression of these Robo receptors in
the growth cones of path finding neurons
function to interpret

A

Roundabout (Robo) proteins (Robo1, Robo2, and Robo3)

45
Q

The trigeminal ganglion has three main divisions.

A

● Ophthalmic nerve
● Maxillary nerve
● Mandibular nerve

46
Q

is involved in the
development and growth of tissues throughout the
body

A

BMP4

47
Q

Is a protein on the surface of nerve cells
that can bind to BMP4

A

BMP

48
Q

This muscle-derived laminin specifically
binds the growth cones of motor neurons
and may act as a “stop signal” for axonal
growth. In at least some neuron-to-neuron
synapses, the synapse is stabilized by ____________.

A

N-cadherin

49
Q

During mammalian development, all muscle
cells that have been studied are innervated
by at least ____________

A

two axons

50
Q

Is a construct in which neuroanatomists can
process and define individual neurons in the
brain from neighboring neurons using a wide
hue of fluorescent proteins

A

brainbow

51
Q

The study of neural pathways is also known
as ___________ by earlier neuroanatomists.

A

hodology

52
Q

is a technique used by
researchers to visualize and trace the
connections of neurons in an organism

A

brainbow

53
Q

Scientists genetically modify mice by
inserting a specific region of DNA into their
genome. This DNA construct contains four
different genes, each encoding a distinct
fluorescent protein. These genes are flanked by specific DNA sequences called ____________

A

lox sites

54
Q

Another gene, ________, is also introduced into
the mice. This gene codes for an enzyme
called __________________

A

Cre, Cre recombinase

55
Q

this is like a genetic on/off switch

A

promoter region

56
Q

The first steps in getting retinal ganglion
cell (RGC) axons to their specific regions of
the optic tectum take place within the _______
(the neural retina of the optic cup).

A

retina

57
Q

As the RGCs differentiate, their position in
the inner margin of the retina is determined
by ______________ ____________ (N-cadherin and
retina-specific R- cadherin) in their cell
membranes.

A

cadherin molecules

58
Q

are critical to the fasciculation of the migrating
axons.

A

NCAM and L1 cell adhesion molecules

59
Q

In non-mammalian vertebrates, the final
destination for RGC axons is a portion of the
brain called the ___________________, while
mammalian RGC axons also go to the lateral
geniculate nuclei. At many points, the
journey of RGC axons within the brain
occurs on an astroglial substrate

A

optic tectum

60
Q

It appears to be the major mediator of RGC
guidance at the chiasm

A

Robo2

61
Q

investigates how the nervous system forms and evolves from embryonic stages through adulthood.

A

Developmental neurobiology

62
Q

The path that a neural crest cell takes
depends on the ___________ ______________ it
meets.

A

extracellular matrix

63
Q

It can grow and connect to their
targets by following gradients of a protein.

A

neurons

64
Q

are proteins that are made
by the target tissue and that stimulate the
particular set of axons able to innervate it.

A

neurotrophins

65
Q

It is a process
where an active neuron can suppress
synapse formation by other neurons on the
same target

A

activity- dependent selection

MedMicro Ni Sir Danny (11 decks)

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