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MedMicro Ni Sir Danny > Chapter 1 and 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 and 3 Flashcards

1
Q
  • one of the most important groups by any criterion
  • Phenomena in biochemistry and
    molecular biology comes from
    bacterial research
A

bacteria

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2
Q

shape of bacteria that is chainlike

A

streptococci

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3
Q

shape of bacteria that is pair

A

diplococci

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4
Q

shape of cell that is grapelike clusters/ broad sheets

A

staphylococci

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5
Q

divide in 2 planes and remain in groups of 4

A

tetrads

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6
Q

divide in 3 planes and remain in cube like groups of 8

A

sarcinae

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7
Q

 Single
 DIPLObacilli: pair
 STREPTObacilli: chainlike

A

bacilli

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8
Q

curved rods

A

vibrios

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9
Q

helical, rigid; uses flagella to move

A

spirilla

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10
Q

helical, flexible; uses axial filaments to move

A

spirochetes

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11
Q

Maintain single shape

A

monomorphic

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12
Q

Many shapes
 Individual variation on cell wall
 Change in shape may be due to disruption

A

pleomorphic

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13
Q

 Substance that surrounds cells
 Sugar coat  Viscous, gelatinous polymer composed of polysaccharide or polypeptide
 Layer that is often quite thick
 Transparent, not easily stained

A

glycocalyx

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14
Q

 Important in contributing to bacterial virulence
 Protection from phagocytosis
 Attachment to various surfaces
 Source of nutrition
 Inhibit movement of nutrients
from the cell
 Prevent dehydration

A

glycocalyx

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15
Q

two types of glycocalyx

A

capsule and slime layer

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16
Q

organized substance
attached to cell wall

A

capsule

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17
Q

unorganized and
loosely attached

A

slime layer

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18
Q
  1. Protect bacterial colonies from
    host defenses
  2. Protect the bacteria from toxic
    agents
  3. Contributes to the pathogenesis of
    bacteria
A

Biofilm

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19
Q

Long filamentous appendages that
propel bacteria
 Filament – outermost, contains the
protein flagellin
 Hook
 Basal body – anchorage to cell wall
and plasma membrane
Used for motility
 Moves the cell by rotating from the
basal body

A

flagella

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20
Q

outermost, contains the
protein flagellin

A

filament

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21
Q

anchorage to cell wall
and plasma membrane

A

basal body

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22
Q

movement of flagella
toward or away from a stimulus

A

taxis

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23
Q

types of flagella

A

 Monotrichous
 Lophotrichous
 Amphitrichous
 Peritrichous

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24
Q

 Another appendages for
movement
 Bundles of fibrils that arise at the
ends of the cell beneath the outer
sheath and spiral around the cell
 Usually seen in Spirochetes

A

axial filament

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24
Q

 Longer than fimbriae
 Rigid tubular structures made of the protein pilin
 Pilin can be antigenic
 Join cells for the transfer of DNA(conjugation)
 Only found in Gram-negative bacteria

A

Pili

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25
Q

 Complex, semi-rigid structure
 Responsible for characteristic shape and architecture
 Surrounds and protect cytoplasmic membrane and internal parts

A

cell wall

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26
Q
  • for adherence to surfaces
  • also called common pili
  • example: Neisseria gonorrhoeae
A

fimbriae

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27
Q

 Protects against changes in osmotic pressure
 Helps maintain cell shape
 Anchorage site of flagella
 Contributes to the ability to cause diseases
 Site of action of some antibiotics
 Used to differentiate major types of bacteria

A

cell wall

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28
Q

Provides rigidity and flexibility
 Present only in
prokaryotes
 Polymer consisting of N- acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid
(NAM)

A

peptidoglycan

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29
Q
  • disruption of membrane
  • lost of cytoplasm
  • lipoteichoic acid
A

lysis

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30
Q
  • major cell wall component of some archaea
  • false cell wall
  • acetyl amino acid
A

pseudomurein

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31
Q

Also present in the cell wall
of gram-negative bacteria;
unique to bacterial cell
wall

A

diaminopimelic acid (DAP)

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32
Q

 Thick layer of
peptidoglycan
 Negatively charged
teichoic acid on surface

A

gram-positive bacteria

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33
Q

 Thin peptidoglycan
 Outer membrane
 Periplasmic space

A

gram-negative bacteria

34
Q

 Many layers of peptidoglycan
 Insoluble but porous
 Stain purple in gram stain
 Contains teichoic and lipoteichoic acid
 Polymers of ribitol orglycerol joined by a
phosphate group
 Bind and regulate movement of cations into
and out of the cell
 Plays a role in cell growth
 Prevents wall breakdown and lysis

A

gram-positive cell walls

35
Q

 One or few peptidoglycan layers found in the periplasmic space bonded to lipoproteins in the outer membrane
 Stains red or pink in gram staining
 Periplasmic space–space between outer membrane and inner cell membrane
 “Bag of enzymes”: enzyme rich space
 Degrades macromolecules Protects against toxic intruders
 Gather/bind essential nutrients and deliver to transport proteins

A

gram-negative cell walls

36
Q

space between outer membrane and inner cell membrane

A

periplasmic space

37
Q

Serves as a selective permeability barrier which prevents slows entry of potentially toxic materials and allows entry of nutrients

A

porins

38
Q

Lack walls or may have unusual walls composed of polysaccharides and proteins

A

archaeobacteria

39
Q

 Naturally have no cell wall
 Smallest known bacteria
 It has a plasma membrane, which consists of sterols that protect cell form lysis

A

mycoplasma

40
Q
  • Consists of special lipids and
    proteins
  • Destroyed by alcohols and
    polymyxin antibiotics
  • Thin structure enclosing the
    cytoplasm
A

cell membrane

41
Q

Irregular folds of the
plasma membrane
 Previously described as
artifacts

A

mesosomes

42
Q

 The organelle of
photosynthesis in
photosynthetic bacteria

A

chromatophores

43
Q

Location of most biochemical
activities
 Contains DNA, ribosomes, and
inclusions

A

cytoplasm

44
Q
  • Reserve deposits
  • Granules containing nutrients, monomers, Fe compounds(magnetosomes)
A

inclusions

45
Q

contains a single, long, circular molecule of double stranded DNA Carry genetic information

A

bacterial chromosomes

46
Q

 Small, circular. Double stranded DNA molecules
 Extrachromosomal genetic material
 May carry genes for virulence of the organism
 In conjugation, it can function independently from nuclear area

A

plasmids

47
Q

Responsible for the granular appearances
 Main site of protein synthesis
 Composed of 2 sub-units each with a protein and ribosomal RNA
 Can be inhibited by certain antibiotics

A

ribosomes

48
Q

 Form during adverse conditions (Sporulation)
 Persist for several years until appropriate stimulation gives rise to singular bacterial cell  Resting structures
 Highly durable dehydrated cells with thick wall
 Can survive extreme heat, lack of water, and exposure to many toxic chemicals and radiation
 Special coat surrounding the spore
 Relative resistance to antibiotics

A

endospores

49
Q

Bacteria and location of spore

A

Central, terminal, or
subterminal

50
Q

Process of endospore
formation within a
vegetative cell

A

sporulation

51
Q

Return of endospore to a
vegetative state

A

germination

52
Q

The process by which coloring
agents or dye is added to the
specimen to enhance microscopic
examination
 Acidic dye has negative charge so
they bind to positively charged cell
structures like some proteins
 Basic dye have positive charge &
bind to negatively charged
molecules

A

staining

53
Q

Crystal violet-iodine crystal form I
cell

A

gram stain

54
Q

 Alcohol dehydrates
peptidoglycan
 CV-I crystal do not leave

A

gram-positive

55
Q

 Alcohol dissolves outer
membrane and leaves
holes in peptidoglycan
 CV-I washes out

A

gram-negative

56
Q

Bacteria such as those in the genus
Mycobacterium do not readily
stain but do so upon application of
heat
- Mycolic acid (waxy lipid) covers thin peptidoglycan layer

A

acid fast stain

57
Q

Spores are most simply observed as colorless areas in cells stained by conventional methods
 The spore wall is relatively impermeable, but dyes can be made to penetrate it by heating the preparation
 Spores are commonly stained with malachite green or carbolfuchsin

A

endospore stain

58
Q

This procedure involves staining the background with an acidic dye, leaving the cells contrastingly colorless
 The black dye nigrosin is commonly used
 This method is used for cells or structures that are difficult to stain directly

A

negative staining

59
Q

 Flagella are too fine to be visible in the light microscope
 Treating the cells with an unstable colloidal suspension of tannic acid salts
 The apparent diameter of the flagella is increased to such an extent that subsequent staining with basic fuchsin make the flagella visible in the light microscope

A

flagella stain

60
Q

______________ are usually demonstrated by the negative staining procedure or a modification of it
 involves treatment with hot crystal violet solution followed by a rinsing with copper sulfate solution

A

capsule/ capsule staining

61
Q

is a result of the inward
growth of the cytoplasmic
membrane and cell wall from
opposing directions until the two
daughter cells are pinched off

A

septum

62
Q

 If the cells remain temporarily
attached after division, certain
characteristics groupings result
 Depending on the plane of division
and the number of divisions
through which the cells remain
attached
 After fission of some bacteria, characteristic post division
movement occur

A

cell groupings

63
Q
  • tremendous impact on life (physically and chemically)
  • unicellular or multicellular
A

microorganisms

64
Q

practical outgrowth of science created by blend of technique and theory

A

prediction

65
Q

continuing association of different organisms

A

symbiosis

66
Q

biologic consequence of natural selection operating on a vast array of genetically diverse organisms

A

evolution

67
Q
  • they lack cell attributes including ability to replicate virophages
A

viruses

68
Q

they can infect their own

A

virophages

69
Q

small, single-stranded, covalently closed circular RNA molecules existing a highly base paired rod-like structures

A

viroids

70
Q

viruses used it for protection

A

capsid

71
Q

a degenerative central nervous system disease of sheep

A

scrapie

72
Q

-proteinaceous and infectious nature
- Kuru, CJD, Grestmann and fatal familial insomia affect humans

A

Prions

73
Q

this disease are unique in that they manifest as sporadic, genetic, and infectious

A

human prions

74
Q
  • small size, absence of nuclear membrane
  • DNA of almost all bacteria is circle with length about 1 mm
A

Prokaryotes

75
Q

region for cell containing DNA

A

Nucleoid

76
Q

derived from single cell, physically interconnected

A

clone

77
Q

cell-cell communication mechanism, regulate transcription of genes

A

quorum sensing

78
Q
  • prokaryotes that established symbiosis within the cell
A

endosymbiotic

79
Q

lacking of cell wall, nuclei

A

mycoplasma

80
Q

specialized cell structures that may allow survival in extreme environments
- useful criteria for classification because well-characterized subsets of bacteria from spores

A

spores

81
Q

classification of prokaryotes

A

spores, algae, protozoa, fungi, slime molds

82
Q

ameboid cells live and grow by ingesting fungi and bacteria

A

slime molds

83
Q

programmed cell death

A

apoptosis

MedMicro Ni Sir Danny (11 decks)

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