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Kaplan: Behavioral Science and Social Sciences Part II > Chapter 9: Psychiatric (DSM-5) Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Psychiatric (DSM-5) Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the most common known cause of intellectual disability?

A

fetal alcohol syndrome

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2
Q

What are the most common genetic causes of intellectual disability?

A

Downs and Fragile X syndrome

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3
Q

Mild intellectual disability typical level of functioning? Also when is it typically diagnosed?

A

self-supporting with some guidance; usually diagnosed first year in school

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4
Q

Moderate intellectual disability level of functioning?

A

benefits from vocational training but needs supervision; sheltered workshops

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5
Q

Severe level of intellectual disability has what characteristic features in functioning?

A

vocational training not helpful, can learn to communicate and manage basic self-care habits

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6
Q

A profound level of intellectual disability can lead to what level of functioning for the individual?

A

needs highly structured environment with constant nursing care and supervision

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7
Q

What is the hallmark of autism spectrum disorder?

A

inability to connect with others

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8
Q

Some differential diagnosis to think of when considering autism spectrum disorder diagnosis?

A
  • Rett syndrome
  • social communication disorder
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9
Q

What are some features of Rett syndrome and social communication disorder that make them different from an individual with Autism Spectrum disorder?

A

Rett Syndrome
- girls > boys
- microcephaly

Social communication disorder
- communication disorder
- absence of RRBs

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10
Q

What is the major treatment for autism spectrum disorder?

A

behavioral techniques (shaping) and antipsychotics (for aggression only) e.g risperidone

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11
Q

Major characteristic of Tourette Syndrome?

A
  • characterized by multiple motor and vocal tics that occur many times per day or intermittently for more than 1 year
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12
Q

What gender is seen to have tourettes more?

A

men

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13
Q

What is the mean age by which most people have tics in Tourrettes Syndrome?

A

age 7 ( onset must be < 8)

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14
Q

What conditions is Tourrette’s associated with?

A

ADHD and OCD

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15
Q

Main treatments for Tourette’s?

A

haloperidol, pimozide, or clonidine

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16
Q

What are the major characteristics of ADHD?

A

marked by inattention, impulsivity, and/or hyperactivity that lead to problems functioning at home, school, or work

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17
Q

The main gender to have ADHD

A

men > women 3:1

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18
Q

What are the requirements needed to be given the diagnosis of having ADHD?

A

Impairment must occur in at least 2 settings:

  • Symptoms > 6 months
  • Symptoms age < 12
  • associated with a dopaminergic and noradrenergic imbalance
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19
Q

Treatment for ADHD?

A
  • methylphenidate, dextroamphetamine, atomoxetine, or guanfacine
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20
Q

Compare the age of diagnosis for CD vs ODD?

A

Conduct disorder vs oppositional defiant disorder

CD = Until age 18
ODD = preteens - teens

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21
Q

Compare the gender predisposition of CD to ODD.

A

CD = Boys > girls
ODD = Boys > girls (pre-puberty)

22
Q

Compare the symptoms of CD to ODD

A

CD
- 6 months of aggressive behavior
- violation of rules of society
- destruction of property
- deceitfulness or theft

ODD
- 6 months of negative, hostile, and defiant behaviors toward authority

23
Q

Compare CD vs ODD etiology.

A

CD = genetic
ODD = N/A

24
Q

Symptoms of brief psychotic disorder.

A
  • hallucinations, delusions, disorganized behavior or thinking
25
Q

Symptoms of schizophreniform.

A
  • hallucinations, delusions, disorganized behavior or speech
26
Q

Symptoms of Schizophrenia?

A
  • hallucinations, delusions, disorganized behavior or speech, catatonic symptoms, negative symptoms, marked reduction in level of functioning
27
Q

What are some symptoms of schizoaffective disorder?

A
  • schizophrenia symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions PLUS mood disorder symptoms such as depression and mania
  • must have at least 2 weeks of psychotic symptoms in the absence of mood symptoms
28
Q

Duration of symptoms for brief psychotic disorder.

A

> 1 day but < 30 days

29
Q

Duration of symptoms for schizophreniform disorder.

A

> 1 month but < 6 months

30
Q

Duration of symptoms for schizophrenia?

A

> 6 months

31
Q

Treatment for brief psychotic disorder?

A

antipsychotis

32
Q

Treatment for schizophreniform disorder?

A

antipsychotics

33
Q

Treatment for schizophrenia?

A

antipsychotics

34
Q

Treatment for schizoaffective disorder?

A

antipsychotics and mood stabilizers if bipolar type of antidepressants if depressed type

35
Q

Age of onset for schizophrenia for men and women?

A

Men = 15 - 25
Women = 25 - 35

36
Q

What are some different causes of schizophrenia? Evidence?

A
  • genetic: monzygotic greater than dizygoitc
  • viral: more born in winter and early spring
  • social: downward drift and social causation theories
  • neurochemical/biochemical: associated with increased levels DA
37
Q

What are the changes in DA levels in a person with schizophrenia and related effects?

A

DA is increased and this leads to the positive symptoms

38
Q

What are the changes commonly seen in serotonin levels of one with schizophrenia and the related effects?

A

5HT is increased and these are responsible for positive and negative symptoms

39
Q

What are the changes seen in glutamate levels of those with schizophrenia and drugs that produce related effects?

A

Glutamate will increase/decrease

PCP ( glutamate antagonist) leads to schizophrenia-like symptoms

40
Q

What the changes to nicotine levels seen in those with schizophrenia and the related changes seen?

A

Nicotine is decreased and this affects cognition

41
Q

What are the changes to GABA seen in one with schizophrenia and the related effects seen?

A

GABA = decreased
This leads to hyperactivity of dopaminergic neurons

42
Q

What is the change seen in the ventricles in one with schizophrenia?

A

increase

43
Q

What is the change seen to brain symmetry in one with schizophrenia?

A

decreased

44
Q

What areas of the brain decrease when someone has schizophrenia?

A

limbic system, prefrontal cortex, thalamus (basal ganglia may increase or decrease

45
Q

Major Depressive Disorder has a predisposition for what gender?

A

women > men

46
Q

What are some requirements for symptoms that lead to diagnosis of MDD?

A

Symptoms > 2 weeks and affect level of functioning ( must include depressed mood or anhedonia, plus other symptoms such as low energy, poor concentration, sleeplessness, loss of appetite or libido, suicidal ideation

47
Q

Treatment for MDD?

A

antidepressants

48
Q

Treatment for MDD with seasonal pattern?

A

phototherapy

49
Q

What is persistent depressive disorder and qualifications for diagnosis.

A
  • less severe than major depressive disorder
  • > 2 years; depressive symptoms experienced most days
50
Q

Treatment for persistent depressive disorder?

A

primarily psychotherapy

Kaplan: Behavioral Science and Social Sciences Part II (14 decks)

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