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Kaplan: Behavioral Science and Social Sciences Part II > Chapter 8: Sleep Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Sleep Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 distinct stages of sleep?

A

REM and NREM

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2
Q

Some characteristics of NREM sleep?

A
  • divided into 3 stages
  • slowing of the EEG
  • higher muscle tone
  • absence of eye movements
  • absence of thought like mental acuity

“idling brain in a movable body”

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3
Q

Some characteristics of REM sleep?

A
  • aroused EEG pattern
  • sexual arousal
  • saccadic eye movements
  • dreaming
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4
Q

Stage 1 sleep has what types of waves?

A

theta

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5
Q

Stage 2 sleep has what types of waves?

A

sleep spindles and K complexes

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6
Q

Stage 3 sleep has what types of waves?

A

delta

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7
Q

ID the sleep wave.

A

theta

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8
Q

ID the sleep wave.

A

sleep spindles

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9
Q

ID the sleep wave.

A

K complexes

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10
Q

ID the sleep wave.

A

delta waves

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11
Q

Describe Stage 2 sleep.

A

longest stage of sleep

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12
Q

Describe stage 3 sleep?

A
  • deepest stage of sleep: delta sleep is restorative
  • tends to decrease in older adults
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13
Q

Describe sleep latency stage.

A

About 5-15 min from time one goes to bed and falls asleep

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14
Q

Describe REM latency.

A

About 90 min from time one falls asleep to first REM period

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15
Q

Describe characteristics of REM sleep as you sleep.

A
  • first REM period of night is 5-15 min and last is 20 - 40 min
  • REM increases as night goes on
  • greater amounts in second half of night
  • easiest to arouse
  • memories are consolidated by hippocampus
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16
Q

NREM is greater the first or second half of the night?

A

greater amounts in first half of night

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17
Q

What neurotransmitter helps to initiate sleep?

A

serotonin

18
Q

What neurotransmitter is higher during REM?

A

ACh

19
Q

What neurotransmitter is lower during REM?

A

NE

20
Q

How do DA levels affect sleep?

A

produce arousal and wakefulness; they rise upon waking

21
Q

Besides DA what is another neurotransmitter that regulates arousal, wakefulness and appetite?

A

Orexin (hypocretin)

22
Q

How to remember neurotransmitters that affect sleep?

A

SAND
Serotonin
ACh
NE
DA

23
Q

If benzos are used chronically, and then stopped they affect what part of sleep most?

A

sleep latency is increased

24
Q

How does moderate alcohol consumption affect wakefulness during sleep?

A

increases wakefulness during the second half of the night

25
Q

What sleep stage/s do barbs affect?

A

decrease REM

26
Q

How do barbs affect REM when one is going through withdrawal?

A

REM rebound, including nightmares

27
Q

4 main symptoms of narcolepsy?

A
  • sleep attacks and excessive daytime sleepiness (most common symptom)
  • cataplexy
  • hypnopompic and hypnogogic hallucinations (common)
  • sleep paralysis: inability to move or speak while falling asleep or waking up from sleep
28
Q

What is secondary insomnia?

A

(most common type) caused by medical problems, psychiatric problems, medications, etc

29
Q

What are some treatments for insomnia?

A

varies:

  • sleep hygiene
  • behavior modification: stimulus control
  • pharmacotherapy: zaleplon, zolpidem, eszopiclone
  • Ramelteon: a melatonin receptor-agonist, works on the sleep wake cycle and has less incidence of dependence
30
Q

What condition can deficient orexin lead to?

A

narcolepsy

31
Q

How can lack of orexin lead to narcolepsy?

A

orexin triggers wakefulness, while low sleep levels of orexin at night serve to drive sleep…. low levels therefore lead to narcolepsy

32
Q

What stage of sleep do night terrors occur? And what are major features of those with night terrors?

A
  • stage 3
  • common in young boys
  • familial
  • wake up in middle of night and scream
33
Q

Treatment for night terrors?

A

benzodiazepines

34
Q

Do you remember night terrors?

A

no

35
Q

Nightmares happen during which stage of sleep?

A

REM

36
Q

Features of nightmares?

A

common during stressful times

37
Q

Treatment for nightmares?

A

antidepressants

38
Q

Do you/ can you remember nightmares?

A

yes

39
Q

What stage of sleep does somnambulism occur in?

A

stage 3

40
Q

Treatment for somnambulism?

A

benzodiazepines

41
Q

What stage does bruxism commonly occur in?

A

stage 2

Kaplan: Behavioral Science and Social Sciences Part II (14 decks)

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