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Kaplan: Behavioral Science and Social Sciences Part II > Chapter 11: Brain Function and Neurocognitive Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 11: Brain Function and Neurocognitive Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is non-fluent aphasia?

A

limited ability to produce speech; effortful and with few words

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2
Q

What is fluent aphasia?

A

able to produce connected speech

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3
Q

2 types of non fluent apahasia categories.

A

Good understanding of Language (spoken and written)

Poor understanding of language (spoken and written)

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4
Q

What are the 2 categories for fluent aphasia?

A
  • good understanding of language (spoken and written)
  • poor understanding of language (spoken and written)
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5
Q

What are the types of non-fluent aphasias that are classified as an individual having a good understanding of language.

A
  • broca aphasia
  • transcortical motor aphasia
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6
Q

Broca aphasia

A

cannot repeat words or sentences

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7
Q

Transcortical motor aphasia.

A

can repeat words or sentences

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8
Q

What are the features of mixed non-fluent aphasia?

A

some ability to produce speech

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9
Q

What are the features of global aphasia?

A

most severe; little to no comprehension or expression

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10
Q

What are types of fluent aphasia that are included in the good understanding of language (written and spoken category)

A
  • conduction aphasia
  • anomic aphasia
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11
Q

What is conduction aphasia?

A

numerous phonemic paraphasias such as “ poon, “soon” or “pone” for “spoon”

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12
Q

Anomic aphasia.

A

(primary limitation is difficulty retrieving desired words when communicating; “it’s on the tip of my tongue”

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13
Q

What are the categories of fluent aphasia included under poor understanding of language (spoken and written)?

A
  • Wernicke aphasia
  • Transcortical sensory aphasia
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14
Q

Features of Wernicke aphasia?

A

cannot repeat words or sentences

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15
Q

Features of transcortical sensory aphasia.

A

can repeat words or sentences; speech produced resembles a “word salad” many words and ideas, but doesn’t generally make sense

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16
Q

Enkephalins typically act on what type of receptors?

A

opiate receptors

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17
Q

Substance P

A

major transmitter of sensory neurons that convey pain sensation from the periphery especially the skin, into the spinal cord

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18
Q

T/F. There is a new class of antidepressant medications being tested to work on substance P.

A

true

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19
Q

Compare and contrast the general definition of delirium to the general definition of what a neurocognitive disorder is.

A

Delirium is an acute onset of impaired cognitive functioning that is fluctuating, brief, and reversible.

Neurocognitive disorder: a loss of cognitive abilities, impairment of social functioning, loss of memory, and/or change in personality that may be progressive or static

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20
Q

Compare and contrast mild neurocognitive disorder with major neurocognitive disorder.

A

Mild: neurocognitive disorder that is a moderate cognitive decline that has minimal interaction with functioning

Major neurocognitive disorder: significant cognitive decline that interferes with functioning and independence

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21
Q

What are some neuroanatomic findings seen in those with Alzeihmer Disease?

A

cortical atrophy, flattened sulci, enlarged ventricles

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22
Q

Histopathology of Alzheimer Disease?

A

senile plaques (amyloid deposits), neurofibrillary tangles, neuronal loss, synaptic loss ,granulovacuolar degeneration of neurons

23
Q

What chromosome is Alzeimers associated with. What gene is associated to this condition?

A

chromosome 21 (gene for amyloid precursor protein)

24
Q

Compare and contrast gender predisposition in patients with Alzheimers vs vascular conditions.

A

Alzeihmer’s: women> men
Vascular: men > women

25
Q

What is the avg age of onset in Alzheimer’s vs vascular conditions.

A

alzeihmers: older age
vascular: younger age

26
Q

Compare and contrast the deterioration in Alzeihmers to that of Vascular neurocognitive conditions.

A

Alzeihmers: linear or progressive deterioration

Vascular: stepwise or patchy deterioration

27
Q

Compare and contrast focal deficits in Alzheimers to vascular Neurocognitive conditions

A

Alzeihmers: no focal deficits
Vascular: focal deficits

28
Q

Another name for Pick disease?

A

Frontotemporal Neurocognitive Disorder

29
Q

What are some neuroanatomic findings of those with Picks disease?

A

atrophy in frontal and temporal lobes

30
Q

Histopathology of Picks disease?

A

Pick bodies (intraneuronal argentophilic inclusions) and Pick cells (swollen neurons) in affected areas of the brain

31
Q

Etiology of Picks?

A

unknown

32
Q

Features of what other condition may be seen in one who has Picks disease?

A

Kluver Bucy syndrome (hypersexuality, hyperphagia, passivity)

33
Q

What is neurocognitive disorder due to prion disease?

A

a rare spongiform encephalopathy caused by a slow virus (prion)

34
Q

What does prion disease present with?

A

neurocognitive disorder, myoclonus, and EEG abnormalities

visual and gait disturbances, choreoathetosis or other abnormal movements

35
Q

What chromosome is implicated in Huntington disease?

A

chromosome 4

36
Q

Compare and contrast location of cause of Huntington to Parkinsons?

A

Huntington: caudate nucleus
Parkinson: dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra

37
Q

Compare and contrast symptoms of Parkinson’s with that of Huntingtons Disease.

A

Huntington disease: choreoathetosis, neurocognitive disorder, and psychosis suicidal behavior fairly common

Parkinsons: resting tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, and gait disturbances

38
Q

What is neurocognitive disorders with Lewy bodies characterized by?

A
  • hallucinations, parkinsonian features, and extrapyramidal signs
  • patients typically have fluctuating cognition, as well as REM sleep behavior disorder
39
Q

Pathology of neurocognitive disorder due to HIV infection?

A

HIV directly and progressively destroys brain parenchyma

40
Q

What is Wilson disease caused by?

A

ceruloplasmin deficiency

41
Q

Features of Wilsons disease?

A
  • hepatolenticular degeneration
  • kayser-fleischer rings in the eye
  • asterixis
42
Q

What are symptoms of normal pressure hydrocephalus?

A
  • neurocognitive disorder
  • urinary incontinence
  • gait apraxia
43
Q

Features of normal pressure hydrocephalus?

A
  • enlarged ventricles
  • normal pressure
44
Q

Treatment of normal pressure hydrocephalus?

A

shunt placement

45
Q

What is pseudodementia?

A

typically seen in older patients with a depressive disorder who appear or have symtpoms of neurocognitive disorder

46
Q

Best treatment for pseudodementia?

A

antidepressants

47
Q

Compare onset of delirium vs neurocognitive disorders.

A

delirium: acute onset
neurocognitive disorder: insidious onset

48
Q

Compare and contrast delirum vs neurocognitive disorder how the condition presents?

A

delirium: fluctuating coarse
neurocognitive disorder: chronic

49
Q

Compare and contrast the duration of delirium with that of neurocognitive disorder?

A

delirium: lasts days to weeks
neurocognitive disorder: lasts months to years

50
Q

Describe how memory is affected with delirium as compared to neurocognitive disorders?

A

delirium: recent memory problems
neurocognitive disorders: recent then remote memory problems

51
Q

Describe sleep-wake cycle with delirium compared to neurocognitive disorders.

A

Delirium: disrupted sleep wake cycle
Neurocognitive disorder: normal sleep wake cycle

52
Q

Describe disorientation in delirium with that of neurocognitive disorders.

A

delirium: disorientation
neurocognitive disorders: less disorientation initially

53
Q

Describe hallucinations in delirium vs neurocognitive disorder.

A

delirium: hallucinations common
neurocognitive disorders: hallucinations, sundowning

54
Q

Describe how to treat delirium vs neurocognitive disorders.

A

delirium: treat underlying condition
neurocognitive disorder: supportive treatment

Kaplan: Behavioral Science and Social Sciences Part II (14 decks)

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