Chapter 9 Physical and cognative development in late and middle childhood

Question 1

learning disability

Answer 1

describes a child who has difficulty in learning that involves understanding or using spoken or written language and the difficulty can appear in listening, thinking, reading, writing and spelling. A learning disability also may involve difficulty in doing mathamtics. To be classified as a learning disability, the learning problem is not primarily the result of a visual, hearing or motor disabilities; intellectual disabilities; emtional disorders; or due to environmental, cultural or economic disadvantage.

Question 2

dyslexia

Answer 2

A catergory of learning disabilities involving a servre imparment in the ability to read and spell

Question 3

dysgraphia

Answer 3

A learning disability that involves difficulty in handwriting

Question 4

dyscalculia

Answer 4

Also known as developmental arithmetic disorder; a learning disability that involvs difficulty in a mathematic computation

Question 5

attention defict hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Answer 5

A disability in which children consistantly show one or more of the following characteristics 1, inattention 2, hyperactivity 3, impulsivity

Question 6

emtional and behavioural disorders

Answer 6

serious, persistant problems that involve relationships, aggression, depression, fears assosiated with personal or schools matters, as well as other inappropriate socioemtional characterisics

Question 7

individual education plan (IEP)

Answer 7

a written statement that spells out a program specifically tailored to a child with a disability

Question 8

least restrictive environment (LRE)

Answer 8

a setting that is as similar as possible to the one in whichchildren who do not have a disability are educated

Question 9

inculsion

Answer 9

educating a child with special eduction needs full-time in the regilar classroom.

Question 10

seriation

Answer 10

the concrete operation that involves ordering stimuli along a quantive dimention (such as length)

Question 11

transitivity

Answer 11

the ability to logically combine relations to understand certain conclusions

Question 12

long term memory

Answer 12

a relatively permanant type of memory that holds huge amounts of information for a long period of time

Question 13

neo-piagetains

Answer 13

developmentalists who argue that piaget got some things right but that his theory needs considerable revision. they have elaberated on piagets theory, giving more emphasis to information processing, strategies and precise cognative steps

Question 14

fuzzy trace theory

Answer 14

States that memory is best understood by considering two types of memory representations 1 verbatim 2 memory trace and 2 gist. in this theory, older childrens better memory is attributed to the fuzzy traces created by extracting the gist of information

Question 15

Critical thinking

Answer 15

thinking reflectively and productivly as well as evaluating the evidence

Question 16

mindfulness

Answer 16

Being alert, mentally present and cognativly flexible while going through lifes everyday activities and tasks

Question 17

creative thinking

Answer 17

the ability to think in novel and unsual ways and to come up with unique solutions to problems

Question 18

convergent thinking

Answer 18

Thinking that produces one correct answer and is characteristic of the kind of thinking tested by standardised tests

Question 19

divergent thinking

Answer 19

thinking that produces many answers to the same question and is characterisic of creativity

Question 20

brainstorming

Answer 20

A technique in which individuals are encouraged to come up with creative ideas in a group, play off each others ideas and say practically whatever comes to mind

Question 21

metacognition

Answer 21

cognition about cognition, or kowing about knowing

Question 22

intelligence

Answer 22

problem-solving skills and the ability to learn from and adapt to the experiences of everyday life

Question 23

individual differences

Answer 23

the stable, consistant ways in which people are different from eachother

Question 24

mental age (MA)

Answer 24

Binets measure of an individuals level of mental development compared with that of another

Question 25

intelligence quotient (IQ)

Answer 25

A persons mental age divided by chronological age, multplied by 100

Question 26

normal distribution

Answer 26

A symmetrical distribution with most scores falling in the middle of the possible range of scores and a few scores appearing towards the etremes of the range

Question 27

triarchic theory of intelligence

Answer 27

Sternbergs theory that intelligence consists of analytical intelligence, creative intelligence and practical intelligence

Question 28

culture-fair tests

Answer 28

Tests of intelligence that are designed to be free of cultural bias

Question 29

intellectual disability

Answer 29

A condition of limited mental ability in which an individual has a low IQ, usually below 70 on a traditional test of intelligence and has difficulty adapting to everyday life

Question 30

organic intellectual disability

Answer 30

intellectual disability that is caused by a genetic disorder or brain damage

Question 31

cultural-familial intellectual disability

Answer 31

intellectual disability that is characterised by no evidence of organic brain damage, but the individuals IQ is generally between 50 and 70

Question 32

gifted

Answer 32

Having above average intelligence and IQ of 130 or higher and or a sperior talent for something

Question 33

metalinguistic awarness

Answer 33

refers to knowledge about language, such as knowing what preposition is or the ability to discuss the sounds of language

Question 34

whole-language approach

Answer 34

an approach to reading intruction based on the idea that instruction should parallel childrens natural language learing. Reading materials should be whole and meaningful

Question 35

phonics approach

Answer 35

the idea that reading instruction should teach the basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds