Chapter 10 Socioemotional development in middle and late childhood

Question 1

perspective taking.

Answer 1

the ability to assume other peoples perspective and understand their thoughts and feelings

Question 2

self-esteem

Answer 2

the global evaluative dimesion of the self. Self esteem is also refered to as self-worth or self-image

Question 3

self-concept

Answer 3

domain-specific evaluations of the self

Question 4

self-efficacy

Answer 4

the belief that one can master a situation and produce favourable outcomes

Question 5

preconventional reasoning

Answer 5

The lowest level of Kohlbergs theory of moral development. The individuals moral reasoning is controlled primarily by external rewards

Question 6

heteronomous morality

Answer 6

Kohlbergs first stage of preconevtional reasoning in which moral thinking is tied to punishment

Question 7

individualism, intrumental purpose and exchange

Answer 7

Kohlbergs second stage of preconventional reasoning. At this stage, individuals pursue their own interests and let others do the same

Question 8

conventional reasoning

Answer 8

The second, or intermediate, level in Kohlbergs theory of moral development. At this stage, individuals abide by certain standards but they are the standards of others such as parents or the laws of society

Question 9

mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships and interpersonal conformity

Answer 9

Kohlbergs third stage of moral development. At this stage, individuals value trust, caring and loyalty to others as a basis of moral judgements

Question 10

social systems morality

Answer 10

The fourth stage in Kohlbergs theory of moral development. Moral judgements are based on understanding the social order, law, justice and duty

Question 11

postconventional reasoning

Answer 11

The highest level in Kohlbergs theory of moral development., At this level, the individual recognises alternative moral courses, explores the options and then decides on a personal moral code

Question 12

social contract or utility and individual rights

Answer 12

the fifith Kohlberg stage. At this stage, individuals reason that values, rights and principles undergird or transend the law

Question 13

universal ethical principles

Answer 13

The sixith and highest stage in Kohlbergs theory of moral development, individuals develop a moral standard based on universal human rights

Question 14

justice perspective

Answer 14

A moral percpective that focuses on the rights of the individual; individuals independantly make moral decisions

Question 15

care perspective

Answer 15

The moral perspective of Carol Gilligan, which veiws people in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasises interpersonal communication, relationships with others and concern for others

Question 16

social conventional reasoning

Answer 16

thoughts about social consensus and convention, in contrast to moral reasoning, which stresses ethical issues

Question 17

gender stereotype

Answer 17

broad catergories that reflect our impressions and beliefes about males and females

Question 18

androgny

Answer 18

The presence of postive masculine and feminine characteristics in the same individual

Question 19

popular children

Answer 19

children who are fequently nominated as a best friend and rarely disliked by their peers

Question 20

average children

Answer 20

children who recieve an average number of both postive and negative nominations from peers

Question 21

neglected children

Answer 21

children who are infrequently nominated as a best friend but are not disliked by peers

Question 22

rejected children

Answer 22

children who are infrequently nominated as a best friend and are actively disliked by their peers

Question 23

controversial children

Answer 23

children who are frequently nominated both as best friends and as being disliked

Question 24

intimacy in friendships

Answer 24

self-disclosure and sharing of private thoughts

Question 25

constructivist approach

Answer 25

A learner centered approach that emphasises the importance of individuals actively constructing their knowledge and understanding with guidance from the teacher

Question 26

direct instruction approach

Answer 26

A structured, teacher-centred approach that is characterised by teacher direction and control, mastery of academic skills, high expectations for students progress maximum time spent on learning tasks and efforts to keep negative effect to a minimum

Question 27

mindset

Answer 27

the cognative view, either fixed or growth, that individuals develop for themselves