Chapter 9 Pathophysiology: Vital Vocabulary Flashcards
An increase in extracellular H+ ions; a blood pH of less than 7.35
Acidosis
The immunity that occurs when the body is exposed to a foreign substance or disease and produces antibodies to the invader
Acquired immunity
Mediators of inflammation trigger the appearance of molecules known as selections and integrins on the surfaces of endothelial cells and polymorphonuclear neutrophils, respectively
Activation
The attachment of polymorphonuclear neutrophils to endothelial cells, mediated by selectins and integrins
Adhesion
The metabolic acidosis state that manifests because of the inadequate nutritional habits associated with chronic alcohol abuse. The liver and body experience inadequate fuel reserves of glycogen and, thus, have to switch to fatty acid metabolism
Alcoholic ketoacidosis
A decrease in extracellular H+ ions; a blood pH greater than 7.45
Alkalosis
Any substance that causes a hypersensitivity reaction
Allergen
A hypersensitivity reaction to the presence of an agent (allergen) that is intrinsically harmless
Allergy
A severe hypersensitivity reaction that involves bronchoconstriction and cardiovascular collapse
Anaphylactic shock
The growth of new blood vessels
Angiogenesis
A protein secreted by certain immune cells that bind antigens to make them more visible to the immune system
Antibody
A foreign substance recognized by the immune system
Antigen
Normal, genetically programmed cell death
Apoptosis
A chronic inflammatory lower airway condition resulting in intermittent wheezing and excess mucus production
Asthma
An allergic tendency
Atopic
A decrease in cell size due to a loss of sub-cellular components
Atrophy
Antibodies directed against the person’s own proteins
Autoantibodies
The production of antibodies or T cells that work against the tissues of a person’s body, producing autoimmune disease or a hypersensitivity reaction
Autoimmunity
A pattern of inheritance that involves genes that are located on autosomes or the nonsex chromosomes. Inheritance of only one copy of a pair show the trait.
Autosomal dominant
A pattern of inheritance that involves genes located on autosomes or the nonsex chromosomes. Inheritance of two copies of a particular form of a gene is needed to show the trait.
Autosomal recessive
A slow respiratory rate
Bradypnea
A test performed on the fingernails or toenails that involves briefly squeezing the toenail or fingernail and evaluating the time it takes for the color to return.
Capillary refill time
A condition caused by loss of 40% or more of the functioning myocardium; the heart is no longer able to circulate sufficient blood to maintain adequate oxygen delivery.
Cardiogenic shock
A contorted position of the hand or foot in which the fingers or toes flex in a claw like manner; may result from hyperventilation or hypocalcemia.
Carpopedal spasm
The immune process by which T-cell lymphocytes recognize antigens and then secrete cytokines (specifically lymphokines) that attract other cells or stimulate the production of cytotoxic cells that kill the infected cells.
Cell-mediated immunity
A type of shock caused by central pump failure, including cardiogenic shock and obstructive shock.
Central shock
Components of the activated complement system that attract leukocytes from the circulation to help fight infections.
Chemotaxins
The movement of additional white blood cells to an area of inflammation in response to the release of chemical mediators, such as neutrophils, injured tissue, and monocytes.
Chemotaxis
The system that forms blood clots in the body and facilitates repairs to the vascular tree.
Coagulation system
A group of plasma proteins whose function is to do one of three things: attract leukocytes to sites of inflammation, activate leukocytes, and directly destroy cells.
Complement system
The products of cells that affect the function of other cells.
Cytokines
The type of shock caused by widespread dilation of the resistance vessels (small arterioles), the capacitance vessels (small venules), or both.
Distributive shock
An alteration in the size, shape, and organization of cells.
Dysplasia
Swelling caused by excessive fluid trapped in the body tissues
Edema
A whitish, filamentous protein formed by the action of thrombin on fibrinogen; the protein that polymerizes (bonds) to form the fibrous component of a blood clot.
Fibrin
The breakdown of fibrin in blood clots and the prevention of the polymerization of fibrin into new clots.
General adaptation syndrome
A reaction of bacteria to a Gram stain in which the bacteria do not retain the dark purple stain; this type of bacteria has cell walls that consist largely of lipids, and have pathogenic qualities that make them especially problematic for humans.
Gram-negative
A reaction of bacteria to a Gram stain in which the bacteria retain the dark purple stain; this type of bacteria has thick cell walls composed of many layers.
Gram-positive
A substance that normally does not stimulate an immune response but can be combined with an antigen and at a later point initiate an antibody response.
Hapten
A type of T lymphocyte that is involved in cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immune responses. It secretes cytokines that stimulate the B cells and other T cells.
Helper T cell
An inherited disease in which the body absorbs more iron than it needs and stores it in the liver, kidneys, and pancreas.
Hemochromatosis
A disease characterized by increased destruction of the red blood cells. It can occur from an Rh factor reaction (primarily in Rh-positive neonates born to sensitized Rh-negative mothers), exposure to chemicals, or a disorder of the immune system.
Hemolytic anemia
An inherited sex-linked disorder characterized by excessive bleeding.
Hemophilia
A vasoactive amine that increases vascular permeability and causes vasodilation.
Histamine
A type of immunity in which B-cell lymphocytes produce antibodies called immunoglobulins which recognize a specific antigen and then react with it.
Humoral immunity
An elevated blood calcium level
Hypercalcemia
An elevated blood cholesterol level
Hypercholesterlomia